Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. An Updated Overview of Confirmed Case Numbers Worldwide
3. Virology and Genomic Classification
4. Pathophysiology and Immune Evasion
5. Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Findings
6. Diagnosis
7. Treatment
7.1. Management of Mild or Uncomplicated Monkeypox
7.2. Management of High-Risk Patients and Severe or Complicated Monkeypox
7.3. Antiviral Agents
7.3.1. Tecovirimat
7.3.2. Brincidofovir and Cidofovir
7.3.3. NIOCH-14
7.3.4. Vaccinia Immunoglobulin (VIG)
8. Complications and Sequalae
9. Prevention
9.1. Prevention for Individual, Household, and Community
9.2. Prevention and Control in Healthcare Settings
10. Vaccines and Vaccination
10.1. ACAM2000
10.2. JYNNEOS
11. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Publication | Huhn et al. [61] | Pittman et al. [62] | Adler et al. [63] | Yinka-Ogunleye et al. [64] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | U.S. | Democratic Republic of the Congo | U.K. | Nigeria |
Number of patients | 37 | 216 | 7 | 122 |
Fever | 87% | 18.5% | 42% | 79% |
Rash | 97% | 99.5% | 100% | 88% |
Malaise | - | 85.2% | - | 50% |
Myalgia | 56% | 6.9% | - | 58% |
Chill | 71% | 44.9% | - | 65% |
Adenopathy | 71% | 57.4% | 71% | 69% |
Headache | 65% | 23.6% | - | 79% |
Sore throat | 60% | 78.2% | - | 58% |
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Harapan, H.; Ophinni, Y.; Megawati, D.; Frediansyah, A.; Mamada, S.S.; Salampe, M.; Bin Emran, T.; Winardi, W.; Fathima, R.; Sirinam, S.; et al. Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022, 14, 2155. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102155
Harapan H, Ophinni Y, Megawati D, Frediansyah A, Mamada SS, Salampe M, Bin Emran T, Winardi W, Fathima R, Sirinam S, et al. Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review. Viruses. 2022; 14(10):2155. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102155
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarapan, Harapan, Youdiil Ophinni, Dewi Megawati, Andri Frediansyah, Sukamto S. Mamada, Mirnawati Salampe, Talha Bin Emran, Wira Winardi, Raisha Fathima, Salin Sirinam, and et al. 2022. "Monkeypox: A Comprehensive Review" Viruses 14, no. 10: 2155. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14102155