An Exploratory Investigation of Organic Chemicals Detected in Baby Teeth: Differences in Children with and without Autism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Recruitment
2.2. Laboratory Methods
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Statistical Power
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cases (n = 22) | Controls (n = 20) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | ||
Mothers Age | 40.4 (6.4) | 41.1 (5.3) | 0.77 |
Child Gender (% male) | 80.1% | 70.1% | 0.67 |
Family Income | |||
Less than USD 15,000 | 6.7% | 18.5% | |
USD 15,000–USD 24,999 | 86.7% | 44.4% | |
USD 25,000–USD 34,999 | 6.7% | 11.1% | |
Not reported | 0% | 25.9% | 0.61 |
Ethnicity | |||
Hispanic | 6.7% | 22.2% | 0.09 |
Non-Hispanic White | 60.0% | 44.4% | |
Other | 26.7% | 7.4% | |
Not Reported | 6.6% | 25.9% |
Autism | Typically Developing Controls | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Min–Max | Mean (SD) | Min–Max | ||
Total number of chemicals | 99.41 (12.78) | 75–129 | 80.65 (13.18) | 62–115 | 0.0001 |
Total grams | 4799.44 (2570.36) | 1388.16–11,332.95 | 3192.90 (1603.39) | 606.25–7707.95 | 0.01 |
Chemical | Autism Cases | Typically Developing Child Cases | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (Std Dev) | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | (Std Dev) | Minimum | Maximum | |
Chem1 | 0.10 | (0.17) | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.01 | (0.03) | 0.00 | 0.15 |
Chem2 | 0.32 | (0.26) | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.11 | (0.18) | 0.00 | 0.77 |
Chem3 | 0.51 | (0.60) | 0.00 | 1.84 | 0.16 | (0.32) | 0.00 | 1.05 |
Chem4 | 1.97 | (1.69) | 0.00 | 7.43 | 0.77 | (1.31) | 0.00 | 5.62 |
Chem5 | 0.22 | (0.32) | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.07 | (0.15) | 0.00 | 0.43 |
Chem6 | 1.08 | (1.23) | 0.00 | 5.13 | 0.30 | (0.52) | 0.00 | 2.00 |
Chem7 | 0.23 | (0.27) | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.03 | (0.09) | 0.00 | 0.33 |
Chem8 | 1.49 | (1.67) | 0.17 | 7.72 | 0.25 | (0.42) | 0.00 | 1.47 |
Chem9 | 0.15 | (0.24) | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.04 | (0.16) | 0.00 | 0.68 |
Chem10 | 15.23 | (22.83) | 0.00 | 49.71 | 2.36 | (10.56) | 0.00 | 47.24 |
Chem11 | 6.75 | (6.12) | 0.00 | 19.38 | 2.30 | (3.36) | 0.00 | 9.76 |
Chem12 | 87.56 | (109.22) | 0.00 | 538.23 | 27.17 | (27.88) | 0.00 | 116.99 |
Chem13 | 1.04 | (0.87) | 0.29 | 3.41 | 0.56 | (0.49) | 0.00 | 2.20 |
Chem14 | 0.40 | (0.53) | 0.00 | 2.36 | 0.16 | (0.37) | 0.00 | 1.44 |
Chem15 | 3.38 | (2.88) | 0.94 | 11.76 | 5.29 | (3.18) | 0.00 | 13.88 |
Chem16 | 0.24 | (0.49) | 0.00 | 1.87 | 1.41 | (1.76) | 0.00 | 6.18 |
Chem17 | 3.08 | (2.12) | 0.98 | 10.03 | 2.01 | (1.63) | 0.00 | 6.60 |
Chem18 | 45.60 | (29.33) | 0.00 | 111.20 | 12.20 | (15.62) | 0.00 | 61.78 |
Chem19 | 1.37 | (2.45) | 0.00 | 10.89 | 0.21 | (0.33) | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Chem20 | 1.40 | (1.31) | 0.19 | 5.83 | 0.59 | (0.53) | 0.00 | 1.65 |
Chem21 | 3.32 | (3.31) | 0.58 | 15.02 | 1.86 | (2.03) | 0.00 | 8.58 |
Chem22 | 0.03 | (0.09) | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.39 | (0.77) | 0.00 | 2.77 |
Chem23 | 1.17 | (0.60) | 0.33 | 2.90 | 3.45 | (5.01) | 0.41 | 19.98 |
Chem24 | 0.90 | (0.97) | 0.00 | 3.36 | 0.25 | (0.95) | 0.00 | 4.21 |
Chem25 | 1.22 | (0.62) | 0.60 | 2.97 | 0.83 | (0.51) | 0.00 | 2.11 |
Chem26 | 4.03 | (5.63) | 0.00 | 18.09 | 0.85 | (1.57) | 0.00 | 5.98 |
Chem27 | 1.19 | (0.75) | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.15 | (0.37) | 0.00 | 1.40 |
Chem28 | 0.24 | (0.29) | 0.00 | 1.18 | 0.06 | (0.15) | 0.00 | 0.61 |
Chem29 | 0.10 | (0.26) | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Chem30 | 0.37 | (0.45) | 0.00 | 1.87 | 0.08 | (0.16) | 0.00 | 0.62 |
Chem31 | 8.26 | (11.79) | 0.00 | 30.80 | 0.26 | (0.84) | 0.00 | 3.27 |
Chem32 | 0.20 | (0.22) | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.07 | (0.16) | 0.00 | 0.69 |
Chem33 | 7.90 | (6.86) | 0.00 | 30.65 | 1.53 | (2.04) | 0.00 | 6.28 |
Chem34 | 0.40 | (0.45) | 0.00 | 1.61 | 0.07 | (0.17) | 0.00 | 0.60 |
Chem35 | 13.55 | (14.14) | 0.43 | 55.87 | 3.81 | (9.86) | 0.00 | 44.85 |
Chem36 | 0.26 | (0.24) | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.14 | (0.19) | 0.00 | 0.59 |
Chem37 | 104.19 | (84.68) | 40.70 | 364.51 | 34.96 | (39.04) | 0.00 | 149.21 |
Chem38 | 5.08 | (12.02) | 0.00 | 44.51 | 23.79 | (27.90) | 0.00 | 119.15 |
Chem39 | 7.55 | (8.19) | 1.94 | 40.46 | 3.77 | (2.19) | 0.46 | 9.13 |
Chem40 | 3.65 | (3.16) | 0.00 | 12.24 | 1.63 | (1.92) | 0.00 | 7.02 |
Chem41 | 3.49 | (2.51) | 0.00 | 11.00 | 0.92 | (1.94) | 0.00 | 8.27 |
Chem42 | 2.96 | (7.63) | 0.00 | 22.41 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Chem43 | 6.90 | (11.73) | 0.67 | 57.12 | 2.16 | (2.55) | 0.00 | 11.11 |
Chem44 | 139.17 | (103.90) | 0.00 | 339.60 | 75.98 | (117.41) | 0.00 | 394.04 |
Chem45 | 5.73 | (7.64) | 0.86 | 35.25 | 1.46 | (1.64) | 0.00 | 6.26 |
Chem46 | 340.09 | (485.55) | 30.49 | 1966.46 | 59.84 | (58.48) | 4.53 | 244.78 |
Chem47 | 35.42 | (28.77) | 5.63 | 122.78 | 17.25 | (29.99) | 0.48 | 136.16 |
Chem48 | 3.16 | (3.20) | 0.38 | 12.29 | 1.43 | (2.03) | 0.00 | 8.99 |
Chem49 | 3756.79 | (2500.01) | 895.83 | 10,276.18 | 2643.87 | (1612.12) | 376.14 | 6898.29 |
Chem50 | 2.40 | (2.86) | 0.00 | 10.10 | 0.34 | (0.67) | 0.00 | 1.99 |
Chem51 | 6.31 | (9.62) | 0.32 | 44.91 | 0.99 | (2.23) | 0.00 | 9.99 |
Chem52 | 1.64 | (4.51) | 0.00 | 17.88 | 0.00 | (0.00) | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Chem53 | 1.59 | (1.92) | 0.00 | 9.14 | 0.41 | (0.65) | 0.00 | 1.90 |
Chem54 | 75.20 | (51.88) | 0.00 | 189.40 | 32.07 | (39.70) | 0.00 | 126.47 |
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Palmer, R.F. An Exploratory Investigation of Organic Chemicals Detected in Baby Teeth: Differences in Children with and without Autism. J. Xenobiot. 2024, 14, 404-415. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010025
Palmer RF. An Exploratory Investigation of Organic Chemicals Detected in Baby Teeth: Differences in Children with and without Autism. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(1):404-415. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010025
Chicago/Turabian StylePalmer, Raymond F. 2024. "An Exploratory Investigation of Organic Chemicals Detected in Baby Teeth: Differences in Children with and without Autism" Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 1: 404-415. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14010025