ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i
Abstract
:1. Introduction
E Kāne-au-loli-ka-honuaHonu ne‘e pū ka ‘āina
O Kāne-who-transforms-the-worldLike a sea-turtle crawling, so the land (changes)
1.1. The Rich Ecological Setting in the Hawaiian Islands
1.2. The Current Loss of Major Terrestrial Native Habitats in Hawai‘i
2. Materials and Methods
Mapping of the Human Land Use Footprint in Pre-Contact Hawai‘i
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. The Hawaiian Social-Ecological System As a Model of Sustainability and Self-Sufficiency
4.2. Using Pre-Contact Models of Sustainability in Transformed Landscapes
4.3. Post-Contact Changes to the Social-Ecological Landscape of Hawai‘i
4.4. Non-Native Species
4.5. Climate Change
4.6. Diversification
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Hawaiian Name | Biocultural Relationship | Status | Scientific Name |
---|---|---|---|
kou | wood, lei | Polynesian introduction | Cordia subcordata |
kamani | lei, wood | Polynesian introduction | Calophyllum inophyllum |
‘uala | staple crop | Polynesian introduction | Ipomoea batatas |
ipu | containers, music | Polynesian introduction | Lagenaria siceraria |
kukui | oil, medicinal, wood, lei, relish, dye | Polynesian introduction | Aleurites moluccana |
‘auhuhu | fish poison | Polynesian introduction | Tephrosia purpurea |
‘ulu | staple food crop, medicinal, sap, wood | Polynesian introduction | Artocarpus altilis |
wauke | fiber, clothing | Polynesian introduction | Broussonetia papyrifera |
‘ōhi‘a ‘ai | fruit | Polynesian introduction | Syzygium malaccense |
‘awa | ritual drink, medicinal | Polynesian introduction | Piper methysticum |
noni | medicinal, dye | Polynesian introduction | Morinda citrifolia |
kī | food, medicinal, ritual | Polynesian introduction | Cordyline fruticosa |
‘ape | famine food | Polynesian introduction | Alocasia macrorrhiza |
kalo | mainstay food crop | Polynesian introduction | Colocasia esculenta |
niu | food, wood, fiber | Polynesian introduction | Cocos nucifera |
uhi | secondary crop, not naturalized | Polynesian introduction | Dioscorea alata |
hoi | famine food, naturalized | Polynesian introduction | Dioscorea bulbifera |
pi‘a | famine food, naturalized | Polynesian introduction | Dioscorea pentaphylla |
mai‘a hē‘ī | wild food source | Polynesian introduction | Musa troglodytarum |
mai‘a (varieties) | staple crop | Polynesian introduction | Musa x paradisiaca |
kō | food | Polynesian introduction | Saccharum officinarum |
pia | food | Polynesian introduction | Tacca leontopetaloides |
‘ōlena | dye, medicinal, ritual | Polynesian introduction | Curcuma longa |
‘awapuhi | medicinal | Polynesian introduction | Zingiber zerumbet |
pā‘ihi‘ihi | uncommon medicinal, accidental? | Polynesian introduction? | Rorippa sarmentosa |
kāmole | wetland, accidental w/kalo? | Polynesian introduction? | Ludwigia octovalvis |
‘ihi | medicinal; indig? seeds in pre-contact sites | Polynesian introduction? | Oxalis corniculata |
--- | cultiv. central Pac, 3 records from HI | Polynesian introduction? | Solanum viride |
‘ohe Kahiki | tools, wood, music, container; indig? | Polynesian introduction? | Schizostachyum glaucifolium |
--- | seeds in pre-contact sites; indig NA, SA | naturalized? | Daucus pusillus |
pohe | indig NA; pre 1871 HI records | naturalized? | Hydrocotyle verticillata |
koali ‘ai | famine food, poss indig? | naturalized? | Ipomoea cairica |
koali kuahulu | pantropical, indig? | naturalized? | Merremia aegyptia |
kākalaioa | indig/early intro; also hihikolo | naturalized? | Caesalpinia major |
maunaloa | indig Honduras; 1st record HI 1825 | naturalized? | Dioclea wilsonii |
pāpapa | native to tropical Asia? edible | naturalized? | Lablab purpureus |
--- | pantropical weed | naturalized? | Sida rhombifolia |
kāmole | accidental w/kalo? | naturalized? | Polygonum glabrum |
pōniu | also haleakai‘a; medicinal | naturalized? | Cardiospermum halicacabum |
‘aka‘akai | also kaluhā, indigenous to NA & SA | naturalized? | Schoenoplectus californicus |
--- | cosmop., accidental on kalo? | naturalized? | Lemna aequinoctialis |
--- | cosmop., accidental on kalo? | naturalized? | Spirodela polyrrhiza |
--- | indig Asia, Malesia; 1st HI coll pre 1871 | naturalized? | Garnotia acutigluma |
‘ili‘ohu | once noted near kalo fields; extinct? | indigenous? | Cleome spinosa |
--- | widespread in the S. Pacific | indigenous? | Ipomoea littoralis |
kākalaioa | indig/early intro; lei, medicinal | indigenous? | Caesalpinea bonduc |
--- | widesp trop Indo-Pac, but 1st HI rec 1920 | indigenous? | Entada phaseoloides |
pakaha | indig NA, pretty flowers, no descr uses | indigenous? | Lepechinia hastata |
pūkāmole | 1st HI record 1794; medicinal | indigenous? | Lythrum maritimum |
ma‘o | indigenous NA | indigenous? | Abutilon incanum |
hau | wood, fiber, medicinal | indigenous? | Hibiscus tiliaceus |
milo | wood | indigenous? | Thespesia populnea |
pōpolo | medicinal, dye, food | indigenous? | Solanum americanum |
uhaloa | medicinal | indigenous? | Waltheria indica |
‘ahu‘awa | fiber, plaiting | indigenous? | Cyperus javanicus |
--- | prob indigenous | indigenous? | Carex thunbergii |
kohekohe | low elev marshes | indigenous? | Eleocharis calva |
hala | brought, but also indig; plaiting, food | indigenous? | Pandanus tectorius |
mānienie ‘ula | 1st HI record 1819, widespread | indigenous? | Chrysopogon aciculatus |
pili | thatch | indigenous? | Heteropogon contortus |
mau‘u laiki | no rec uses; post-contact Hawn name | indigenous? | Paspalum scrobiculatum |
--- | accidental w/kalo? leafy pondweed | indigenous? | Potamogeton foliosus |
--- | accidental w/kalo? long-leaved pondweed | indigenous? | Potamogeton nodosus |
Appendix B
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Native Habitat | Remaining Extent as of 2015 |
---|---|
Montane Mesic | 73% |
Montane Dry | 59% |
Lowland Wet | 45% |
Lowland Mesic | 28% |
Lowland Dry | 30% |
Native Habitat Loss | 1770 (ha) | % Lost | 1870 (ha) | % Lost | 2015 (ha) | % Lost |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lowland Mesic | 14,400 | 21% | 29,900 | 44% | 48,800 | 72% |
Lowland Dry | 42,200 | 19% | 93,100 | 43% | 151,300 | 70% |
Lowland Wet | 20,700 | 9% | 27,500 | 12% | 124,600 | 55% |
Montane Dry | 2100 | 1.4% | 55,400 | 37% | 61,000 | 41% |
Montane Mesic | 800 | 1% | 12,900 | 17% | 19,400 | 26% |
Alpine/Subalpine | 1300 | <1% | 13,600 | 6% | 18,700 | 9% |
Island | Footprint (Ha) | % | Est. Population |
---|---|---|---|
Hawai‘i | 81,800 | 53.0 | 265,000 |
O‘ahu | 21,600 | 14.0 | 70,000 |
Maui | 21,100 | 13.6 | 68,000 |
Kaua‘i | 16,000 | 10.3 | 51,500 |
Moloka‘i | 5600 | 3.7 | 18,500 |
Lāna‘i | 5200 | 3.4 | 17,000 |
Ni‘ihau | 2300 | 1.5 | 7500 |
Kaho‘olawe | 700 | 0.5 | 2500 |
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Gon, S.M.; Tom, S.L.; Woodside, U. ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103420
Gon SM, Tom SL, Woodside U. ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103420
Chicago/Turabian StyleGon, Samuel M., Stephanie L. Tom, and Ulalia Woodside. 2018. "ʻĀina Momona, Honua Au Loli—Productive Lands, Changing World: Using the Hawaiian Footprint to Inform Biocultural Restoration and Future Sustainability in Hawai‘i" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103420