Removal of Patent Blue (V) Dye Using Indian Bael Shell Biochar: Characterization, Application and Kinetic Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Adsorbate
2.2. Preparation of Bael Shell Biochar (BSB)
2.3. Characterization of Bael Shell Biochar (BSB)
2.3.1. Elemental Analysis
2.3.2. Determination of the Point of Zero Charge of Bael Shell Biochar (BSB)
2.4. Batch Adsorption Studies
2.5. Adsorption Isotherms
2.5.1. Langmuir Isotherm
2.5.2. Freundlich Isotherm
2.6. Adsorption Kinetics
2.6.1. Pseudo-First-Order Kinetic Model
2.6.2. Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization
3.2. Point of Zero Charge
3.3. Effect of pH on Adsorption of Patent Blue (V)
3.4. Kinetic Studies
3.5. Adsorption Isotherm
3.6. Proposed Mechanism for Adsorption of Patent Blue PB (V) Dye on to Bael Shell Biochar (BSB) Surface
3.7. Bael Shell Biochar (BSB) as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Pollutant Treatment
3.8. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Biochar Systems
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Methods | Description | Result (%) |
---|---|---|
Pyrolysis (weight composition) | BSB | 29.1 |
Bio-oil | 22.5 | |
Gas | 49.5 | |
Proximate analysis (Bael Shell) | Moisture (110 °C) | 9.20 |
Ash (715 °C) | 25.7 | |
Volatile (930 °C) | 51.9 | |
Proximate analysis (BSB) | Moisture (110 °C) | 4.50 |
Ash (715 °C) | 310 | |
Volatile (930 °C) | 30.0 | |
Ultimate analysis (Bael Shell) | Carbon | 46.2 |
Hydrogen | 7.46 | |
Nitrogen | 0.56 | |
Ultimate analysis (BSB) | Carbon | 72.2 |
Hydrogen | 2.93 | |
Nitrogen | 0.40 |
Reaction Models | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|
Pseudo-first-order model | k1 (L/min) | 0.0342 |
qe (mg/g) | 1.7225 | |
R2 | 0.9585 | |
Pseudo-second-order model | k2 (g/mg min) | 0.0163 |
qe (mg/g) | 2.49 | |
R2 | 0.9723 | |
Langmuir isotherm model | q (mg/g) | 16.53 |
b (L/mg) | 0.00834 | |
R2 | 0.4224 | |
Freundlich isotherm model | KF (mg/g) | 0.183 |
1/n | 0.8264 | |
R2 | 0.968 |
Biochar Material | Dye Conc. (mg/L) | Dye Removal | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Paper and pulp sludge | 25–100 | 84.8–90% | [42] |
Bottom ash | 25–125 | 4.93–24.3 mg/g | [43] |
Korean cabbage | 50–5000 | 1304 mg/g | [29] |
Rice straw | 50–5000 | 620.3 mg/g | [29] |
Wood chip | 50–5000 | 195.6 mg/g | [29] |
Activated carbon | 50–5000 | 271 mg/g | [29] |
Hornbeam sawdust | 50–500 | 71% | [44] |
Rice husk | 50–300 | 25.8–98.2 mg/g | [45] |
Bael shell | 50–500 | 74% | Present Study |
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Roy, K.; Verma, K.M.; Vikrant, K.; Goswami, M.; Sonwani, R.K.; Rai, B.N.; Vellingiri, K.; Kim, K.-H.; Giri, B.S.; Singh, R.S. Removal of Patent Blue (V) Dye Using Indian Bael Shell Biochar: Characterization, Application and Kinetic Studies. Sustainability 2018, 10, 2669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082669
Roy K, Verma KM, Vikrant K, Goswami M, Sonwani RK, Rai BN, Vellingiri K, Kim K-H, Giri BS, Singh RS. Removal of Patent Blue (V) Dye Using Indian Bael Shell Biochar: Characterization, Application and Kinetic Studies. Sustainability. 2018; 10(8):2669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082669
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Kangkan, Kapil Mohan Verma, Kumar Vikrant, Mandavi Goswami, Ravi Kumar Sonwani, Birendra Nath Rai, Kowsalya Vellingiri, Ki-Hyun Kim, Balendu Shekher Giri, and Ram Sharan Singh. 2018. "Removal of Patent Blue (V) Dye Using Indian Bael Shell Biochar: Characterization, Application and Kinetic Studies" Sustainability 10, no. 8: 2669. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082669