Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste Recyclables under Different Incentive Schemes in Tamale, Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
Waste Characterization Study and Analysis of Waste Material Resources Recovery
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Composition of the Primary Sorted Waste Stream
3.2. Average Recyclables and Food Waste Materials Retrieved for the Study Period
3.3. Recyclables and Food Waste Materials Resources Retrieved from the Incentives Options
3.4. Recyclables Waste Materials Resources from Incentives Options Across the Service Zones
3.5. Waste Material Recovery Rate under Incentives and Service Zones
3.6. Effect of Incentives, Collection Modes, and Service Zone on Waste Materials Quantities
3.7. Waste Materials Separation Efficiency and Households Set-Out Rate per Incentive Options
3.8. Effect of Incentives, Collection Modes and Service Zones on Waste Materials Separation Efficiency
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Community | Residential Class | Incentive Option | Mode of Collection | Sample Size (N = 360) |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-income door-to-door (HI DtD) | ||||
1 | High-income Area | Waste receptacles | Door to Door | 30 |
2 | High-income Area | Prize | Door to Door | 30 |
3 | High-income Area | Bonus | Door to Door | 30 |
Total | 90 | |||
Middle-income door-to-door (MI DtD) | ||||
1 | Middle-income Area | Waste receptacles | Door to Door | 30 |
2 | Middle-income Area | Prize | Door to Door | 30 |
3 | Middle-income Area | Bonus | Door to Door | 30 |
Total | 90 | |||
Middle-income communal (MIC) | ||||
1 | Middle-income Area | Waste receptacles | Communal (drop-off) | 30 |
2 | Middle-income Area | Prize | Communal (drop-off) | 30 |
3 | Middle-income Area | Bonus | Communal (drop-off) | 30 |
Total | 90 | |||
Low-income communal (LIC) | ||||
1 | Low-income Area | Waste receptacles | Communal (drop-off) | 30 |
2 | Low-income Area | Prize | Communal (drop-off) | 30 |
3 | Low-income Area | Bonus | Communal (drop-off) | 30 |
Total | 90 |
% Recovery Factor of Recyclables and Food Waste Per Incentive Options | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incentive options | Waste receptacles | Prize | Bonus | |||
Service zone | Dry recyclables | Food waste | Dry recyclables | Food waste | Dry recyclables | Food waste |
HI DtD | 23.45 | 28.31 | 18.07 | 29.08 | 27.95 | 9.05 |
MI DtD | 2.72 | 2.87 | 11.58 | 21.05 | 32.61 | 1.17 |
MIC | 28.33 | 24.26 | 36.28 | 10.02 | 10.42 | 19.87 |
LIC | 29.62 | 1.97 | 22.17 | 1.97 | 31.31 | 16.93 |
Overall R. F. | 29.92 | 13.091 | 23.18 | 14.66 | 27.21 | 12.61 |
% Recovery factor of recyclables and food waste per service zone | ||||||
Waste type | HI DtD | MI DtD | MIC | LIC | Overall % R.F | |
Dry recyclables | 39.25 | 40.96 | 53.02615 | 73.86 | 53.97 | |
Food waste | 20.55 | 5.368 | 24.68 | 2.00 | 10.03 |
Source | Statistics | DF | F (df1) | F (df2) | F | Prob > F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | W | 0.3866 | 11 | 22.0 | 262.0 | 7.24 | 0.0000 |
P | 0.7446 | 22.0 | 264.0 | 7.12 | 0.0000 | ||
L | 1.2473 | 22.0 | 260.0 | 7.37 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 0.8461 | 11.0 | 132.0 | 10.15 | 0.0000 | ||
Residual | 132 | ||||||
Collection modes | W | 0.9864 | 1 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 0.90 | 0.4088 |
P | 0.0136 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 0.90 | 0.4088 | ||
L | 0.0137 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 0.90 | 0.4088 | ||
R | 0.0137 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 0.90 | 0.4088 | ||
Incentive options | W | 0.9236 | 2 | 4.0 | 262.0 | 2.66 | 0.0335 |
P | 0.0769 | 4.0 | 264.0 | 2.64 | 0.0343 | ||
L | 0.0822 | 4.0 | 260.0 | 2.67 | 0.0326 | ||
R | 0.0751 | 2.0 | 132.0 | 4.96 | 0.0084 | ||
Service zones | W | 0.6392 | 2 | 4.0 | 262.0 | 16.43 | 0.0000 |
P | 0.3693 | 4.0 | 264.0 | 14.95 | 0.0000 | ||
L | 0.5511 | 4.0 | 260.0 | 17.91 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 0.5257 | 2.0 | 132.0 | 34.70 | 0.0000 | ||
Service zones and incentive options | W | 0.7328 | 6 | 12.0 | 262.0 | 3.67 | 0.0000 |
P | 0.2824 | 12.0 | 264.0 | 3.62 | 0.0001 | ||
L | 0.3437 | 12.0 | 260.0 | 3.72 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 0.2652 | 6.0 | 132.0 | 5.83 | 0.0000 | ||
Residual | 132 | ||||||
Total | 143 | ||||||
Number of observations | 144 |
Incentive Options | Variable | Mean ± SD | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bonus | S.E. for food waste | 41.42 ± 35.10 | 0 | 100 |
S.E. for dry recyclables | 82.31 ± 26.48 | 0 | 100 | |
Set-out for food waste | 51.53 ± 20.92 | 10 | 90 | |
Set-out for dry recyclables | 40.35 ± 25.33 | 0 | 100 | |
Prize | S.E. for food waste | 36.72 ± 30.39 | 0 | 95.2 |
S.E. for dry recyclables | 65.77 ± 27.06 | 0 | 100 | |
Set-out for food waste | 83.29 ± 137.60 | 3.33 | 100 | |
Set-out for dry recyclables | 59.44 ± 26.63 | 0 | 100 | |
Waste receptacles | S.E. for food waste | 45.02 ± 45.20 | 0 | 100 |
S.E. for dry recyclables | 92.87 ± 8.81 | 59.94 | 100 | |
Set-out for food waste | 61.39 ± 33.66 | 3.33 | 100 | |
Set-out for dry recyclables | 69.31 ± 34.16 | 10 | 100 |
Source | Statistics | DF | F (df1) | F (df2) | F | Prob > F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | W | 0.1558 | 11 | 22.0 | 262.0 | 18.26 | 0.0000 |
P | 1.1187 | 22.0 | 264.0 | 15.23 | 0.0000 | ||
L | 3.6572 | 22.0 | 260.0 | 21.61 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 3.0862 | 11.0 | 132.0 | 37.03 | 0.0000 | ||
Residual | 132 | ||||||
Collection modes | W | 0.6189 | 1 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 40.33 | 0.0000 |
P | 0.3811 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 40.33 | 0.0000 | ||
L | 0.6158 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 40.33 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 0.6158 | 2.0 | 131.0 | 40.33 | 0.0000 | ||
Incentive options | W | 0.8824 | 2 | 4.0 | 262.0 | 4.23 | 0.0025 |
P | 0.1198 | 4.0 | 264.0 | 4.20 | 0.0026 | ||
L | 0.1307 | 4.0 | 260.0 | 4.25 | 0.0024 | ||
R | 0.1071 | 2.0 | 132.0 | 7.07 | 0.0012 | ||
Service zones | W | 0.3858 | 2 | 4.0 | 262.0 | 39.95 | 0.0000 |
P | 0.6302 | 4.0 | 264.0 | 30.36 | 0.0000 | ||
L | 1.5506 | 4.0 | 260.0 | 50.39 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 1.5234 | 2.0 | 132.0 | 100.54 | 0.0000 | ||
Service zones & incentive options | W | 0.3261 | 6 | 12.0 | 262.0 | 16.40 | 0.0000 |
P | 0.7896 | 12.0 | 264.0 | 14.35 | 0.0000 | ||
L | 1.7124 | 12.0 | 260.0 | 18.55 | 0.0000 | ||
R | 1.4713 | 6.0 | 132.0 | 32.37 | 0.0000 | ||
Residual | 132 | ||||||
Total | 143 | ||||||
Number of observations | 144 |
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Asare, W.; Oduro Kwarteng, S.; Donkor, E.A.; Rockson, M.A.D. Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste Recyclables under Different Incentive Schemes in Tamale, Ghana. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239869
Asare W, Oduro Kwarteng S, Donkor EA, Rockson MAD. Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste Recyclables under Different Incentive Schemes in Tamale, Ghana. Sustainability. 2020; 12(23):9869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239869
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsare, Wilhemina, Sampson Oduro Kwarteng, Emmanuel A. Donkor, and Mizpah A.D. Rockson. 2020. "Recovery of Municipal Solid Waste Recyclables under Different Incentive Schemes in Tamale, Ghana" Sustainability 12, no. 23: 9869. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239869