Eco-Friendly Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Affected by Fertilization Type in a Tropical Smallholder Rice System, Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Experimental Design
2.2. Fertilisation Types
- Farmer Practice (BAU): This treatment represented the conventional means by which smallholder farmers cultivated rice in the study area. It was designated as Business as Usual (BAU) and the fertilizer application rate under this treatment was 300 kgha−1 of NPK as base and 50 kgha−1 urea (46%N) top-up.
- Biochar (Bio) + Farmer Practice (BAU + Bio): the treatment represented Biochar and BAU soil amendment. A locally made ESLA stove made from a used lube barrel was used to char the rice straw under anoxic conditions. Biochar was applied at 28,000 kg (28t) per hectare. In rice production, 28 tha−1 and 48 tha−1 represents 50% and 100% of rice straw produced in a single season, respectively. These two rates represent low and high amendment rates. An assumption was therefore made that, should a rice farmer convert at least 50% of his straw into Biochar and incorporate it on his farm, what will the effect be on yield and GHG emissions.
- Poultry Manure (M) + Farmer Practice (BAU + M): For poultry manure, 1 tha−1, 2 tha−1, and 3 tha−1 represents low, medium, and high application rates, respectively. The high application rate of 3 tha−1 was selected for the current work.
- Biochar + Poultry Manure + Farmer Practice (BAU + Bio + M): The fourth treatment was a combination of farmer practice, poultry manure and Biochar at the same application level as the single treatments.
- Control treatment (CT): The control treatment did not have any soil amendments.
2.3. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Sample Collection
2.4. GHG Sample Analysis
2.5. Flux Estimation and Statistical Analysis
- Model 1
- < −lmer (Parameter ~ Treatments + (1|Reps), data = Flux, REML = FALSE)
- Model 2
- < −aov (Parameter ~ Treatments, data = Flux) key: Parameter = N2O or CH4.
2.6. Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Greenhouse Gas Intensity (GHGI)
3. Results
3.1. Average Daily Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions
3.2. Seasonal Cumulative Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions
3.3. Global Warming Potential, Yield and Greenhouse Gas Intensity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Labels | pH 1:2.5 | % | % Total | % Organic | Exchangeable Cations cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | cmol/kg | % | AVi.BRAYS | Mechanical Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O.C | NITROGEN | MATTER | Ca | Mg | K | Na | T.E.B | EX. ACIDITY | ECEC | Base Sat. | ppmP | % Sand | % Silt | % Clay | ||
Soil Parameters Before Study | 5.442 | 1.37 | 0.12 | 2.36 | 2.96 | 1.32 | 0.99 | 0.05 | 5.32 | 0.74 | 6.05 | 86.84 | 1.40 | 48.00 | 32.40 | 19.60 |
Soil Parameters After Harvesting | ||||||||||||||||
BAU(T1) | 6.84 | 0.88 | 0.0532 | 1.51 | 8 | 1.4 | 0.495 | 0.0782 | 46.96 | 31.28 | 21.76 | |||||
BAU+Bio(T2) | 6.8 | 0.88 | 0.0504 | 1.51 | 7 | 3.4 | 2.027 | 0.15 | 58.38 | 19.50 | 22.12 | |||||
BAU+M(T3) | 6.72 | 0.84 | 0.0504 | 1.44 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 0.561 | 0.12 | 49.32 | 28.92 | 21.76 | |||||
BAU+M+Bio(T4) | 6.77 | 1.08 | 0.049 | 1.86 | 7.4 | 1.2 | 2.093 | 0.15 | 50.96 | 27.64 | 21.40 | |||||
Control(T5) | 6.77 | 0.6 | 0.0532 | 1.03 | 5.4 | 2.6 | 0.561 | 0.15 | 76.40 | 9.28 | 14.32 |
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Block 1 | Block 2 | Block 3 | Block 4 |
---|---|---|---|
T3 | T1 | T2 | T1 |
CT | T2 | T1 | CT |
T4 | T3 | T3 | T2 |
T2 | T4 | CT | T4 |
T1 | CT | T4 | T3 |
Treatment | Soil Amendment | N2O (kgNha−1day−1) | SD | CH4 (kgCH4ha−1day−1) | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAU | NPK (300 kgha−1 + 50 kgha−1Urea (46%N)) | 0.22 ab | ±0.09 | 1.10 a | ±1.53 |
BAU + BIO | BAU + 28tha−1Biochar | 0.20 b | ±0.12 | 4.76 a | ±4.87 |
BAU+M | Manure (3tha−1) + BAU | 0.27 ab | ±0.08 | 1.20 a | ±1.77 |
BAU + BIO + M | BAU + Biochar + Manure | 0.38 a | ±0.18 | 1.57 a | ±2.20 |
CONTROL | No amendment | 0.02 c | ±0.03 | 2.71 a | ±2.77 |
Treatment | N2O | SD | CH4 | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
BAU | 39.93 b | ±15.76 | 153 a | ±206.35 |
BAU + BIO | 26.84 bc | ±29.04 | 626.83 a | ±589.35 |
BAU + M | 44.75 b | ±10.28 | 169.18 a | ±241.72 |
BAU + BIO + M | 58.08 a | ±19.69 | 230.94 a | ±302.75 |
CONTROL | 1.61 c | ±1.63 | 389.53 a | ±284.24 |
Net Seasonal GWP (kgCO2eqha−1 Season−1) | Gross Seasonal GWP (kgCO2eqha−1 Season−1) | Yield (Kgha−1) | Gross Greenhouse Gas Intensity (GGHGI) kgCO2eq kg−1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N2O | SD | CH4 | SD | GGWP | SD | YIELD | SD | GGHGI | SD |
BAU | 18,698.64 ab | ±7383.78 | 5099.16 a | ±6878.43 | 23,797.82 a | ±7411.43 | 5290.83 b | ±222.36 | 4.49 b | ±1.40 |
BAU + BIO | 12,571.13 bc | ±13602.96 | 20,894.58 a | ±19,645.04 | 33,465.63 a | ±21,002.97 | 5318.33 b | ±148.49 | 8.19 a | ±1.25 |
BAU + M | 20,959.88 ab | ±4814.37 | 5639.33 a | ±8057.59 | 26,599.22 a | ±11,562.23 | 6070.00 a | ±323.19 | 4.38 b | ±1.90 |
BAU + BIO + M | 27,201.54 a | ±9223.51 | 7698.25 a | ±10,091.92 | 34,899.80 a | ±18,620.33 | 5935.83 a | ±332.68 | 6.35 ab | ±0.94 |
CONTROL | 756.28 c | ±763.44 | 12,984.58 a | ±9474.70 | 13,740.86 a | ±9609.36 | 4395.00 c | ±301.28 | 3.13 b | ±2.19 |
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Boateng, K.K.; Obeng, G.Y.; Mensah, E. Eco-Friendly Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Affected by Fertilization Type in a Tropical Smallholder Rice System, Ghana. Sustainability 2020, 12, 10239. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410239
Boateng KK, Obeng GY, Mensah E. Eco-Friendly Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Affected by Fertilization Type in a Tropical Smallholder Rice System, Ghana. Sustainability. 2020; 12(24):10239. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410239
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoateng, Kofi Konadu, George Yaw Obeng, and Ebenezer Mensah. 2020. "Eco-Friendly Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Affected by Fertilization Type in a Tropical Smallholder Rice System, Ghana" Sustainability 12, no. 24: 10239. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410239