The Coupled Effects of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Fertilization Mode on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Drip-Irrigated Winter Wheat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site and Weather Description
2.2. Experimental Design and Field Implementation
2.3. Measurement of Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
2.4. Growth and Yield Related Parameters
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Different Irrigation Scheduling Levels (ISLs) and NAM Treatments on Crop Growth
3.2. Effects on Yield and Its Components
3.3. Effects on Aboveground Biomass and Harvest Index
3.4. Effects on Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of ISL and NAM on Crop Growth
4.2. Effects of ISL and NAM on Grain Yield
4.3. Evapotranspiration (ETc) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layer (cm) | Bulk Density (g cm−3) | Particle Size (%) | Soil Texture | θf (cm3 cm−3) | θr (cm3 cm−3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | Silt | Clay | |||||
0–20 | 1.56 | 53.06 | 43.14 | 3.80 | Sandy Loam | 0.341 | 0.163 |
20–40 | 1.58 | 47.96 | 45.43 | 6.61 | Loam | 0.308 | 0.157 |
40–60 | 1.54 | 45.61 | 48.33 | 6.06 | Sandy Loam | 0.327 | 0.181 |
60–80 | 1.42 | 47.96 | 47.49 | 4.55 | Sandy Loam | 0.283 | 0.181 |
80–100 | 1.45 | 81.48 | 16.95 | 1.57 | Loamy Sand | 0.294 | 0.173 |
Average | 1.51 | 55.21 | 40.27 | 4.52 | Sandy Loam | 0.311 | 0.171 |
Treatment | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Date (Amount) (Julian Day, mm) | Total Amount (mm) | Date (Amount) (Julian Day, mm) | Total Amount (mm) | |
I20 | + 71 (20), + 98 (20), + 133 (20) | 60 | + 71 (20), + 93 (20), 115 (20), 129 (20), + 136 (20) | 100 |
I35 | + 71 (35), + 98 (10) *, 123 (25) **, + 133 (10) * | 80 | + 71(35), + 93, (35) 115 (35), + 136 (35) | 140 |
I50 | + 71 (50), + 98 (10) *, 126 (40) **, + 133 (10) * | 110 | + 71 (50), + 93 (50), 123 (50), + 136 (50) | 200 |
Season | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average |
I20 | 6.99 | 7.50 | 7.29 | 7.26 c | 7.55 | 8.13 | 7.93 | 7.87 c |
I35 | 8.22 | 8.62 | 8.40 | 8.41 a | 8.76 | 9.40 | 8.95 | 9.04 a |
I50 | 7.99 | 8.30 | 8.14 | 8.14 b | 8.36 | 8.99 | 8.64 | 8.66 b |
Average | 7.73 c | 8.14 a | 7.94 b | 7.94 | 8.22 c | 8.84 a | 8.51 b | 8.52 |
Statistics Analysis Results | I | *** | I | *** | ||||
N | *** | N | *** | |||||
I × N | ** | I × N | * |
Season | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | SL (cm) | GS | SPUA (104 ha−1) | TGW (g) | SL (cm) | GS | SPUA (104 ha−1) | TGW (g) |
I20N50:50 | 7.24 e | 26.70 f | 422.67 e | 44.42 e | 7.79 e | 30.40 g | 500 f | 49.05 i |
I20N25:75 | 8.17 abcd | 30.40 d | 473 cd | 50.11 bc | 8.69 bc | 35.60 d | 566.67 def | 50.90 e |
I20N0:100 | 7.94 cd | 28.20 e | 463.33 d | 48.41 d | 8.39 d | 34.30 e | 540 ef | 50.14 g |
I35N50:50 | 8.20 abc | 31.40 cd | 474.33 cd | 49.68 cd | 8.68 bc | 35.70 d | 603.33 cde | 50.59 f |
I35N25:75 | 8.47 a | 37.60 a | 549 a | 51.97 a | 8.83 ab | 43.90 a | 681.67 a | 52.86 a |
I35N0:100 | 8.32 ab | 34.70 b | 499 bc | 51.51 a | 8.94 a | 38.10 b | 655 abc | 52.02 c |
I50N50:50 | 7.88 d | 28.70 e | 487.33 bcd | 48.59 d | 8.40 d | 32.60 f | 611.67 bcd | 49.83 h |
I50N25:75 | 8.27 ab | 32.10 c | 511.33 b | 51.74 a | 8.69 bc | 36.60 c | 671.67 ab | 52.30 b |
I50N0:100 | 8.11 bcd | 30.60 d | 491.33 bc | 51.10 ab | 8.61 c | 35.30 d | 620 abcd | 51.68 d |
I | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
N | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** |
I × N | * | * | * | * | *** | *** | NS | *** |
Season | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average |
I20 | 12.58 | 13.17 | 14.91 | 13.55 c | 12.87 | 13.4 | 15.13 | 13.80 c |
I35 | 13.53 | 15.59 | 16.67 | 15.26 b | 13.8 | 15.82 | 16.88 | 15.50 b |
I50 | 15.66 | 17.27 | 18.03 | 16.99 a | 15.92 | 17.47 | 18.27 | 17.22 a |
Average | 13.92 c | 15.34 b | 16.54 a | 15.27 | 14.20 | 15.56 | 16.76 | 15.51 |
Statistics Analysis Result | I | *** | I | * | ||||
N | *** | N | *** | |||||
I × N | * | I × N | * |
Season | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average |
I20 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.54 b | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.57 a |
I35 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.55 a | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.59 a |
I50 | 0.51 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.48 c | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 b |
Average | 0.56 a | 0.53 b | 0.48 c | 0.52 | 0.58 a | 0.58 a | 0.52 b | 0.56 |
Statistics Analysis Result | I | *** | I | * | ||||
N | *** | N | *** | |||||
I × N | *** | I × N | *** |
Season | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average |
I20 | 421.1 | 422.1 | 426.2 | 423.1 c | 402.5 | 415.0 | 422.8 | 413.5 c |
I35 | 460.5 | 457.6 | 471.2 | 463.1 b | 445.2 | 450.1 | 461.6 | 452.3 b |
I50 | 511.8 | 518.8 | 531.0 | 520.5 a | 475.0 | 485.6 | 497.0 | 485.8 a |
Average | 464.4 b | 466.2 b | 476.1 a | 468.9 | 440.9 c | 450.2 b | 460.5 a | 450.5 |
Statistics Analysis Results | I | *** | I | *** | ||||
N | *** | N | *** | |||||
I × N | * | I × N | * |
Season | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average | N50:50 | N25:75 | N0:100 | Average |
I20 | 1.66 | 1.78 | 1.71 | 1.72 b | 1.88 | 1.96 | 1.87 | 1.90 b |
I35 | 1.78 | 1.88 | 1.78 | 1.81 a | 1.97 | 2.09 | 1.94 | 2.00 a |
I50 | 1.56 | 1.60 | 1.53 | 1.56 c | 1.76 | 1.85 | 1.74 | 1.78 c |
Average | 1.67 b | 1.75 a | 1.67 b | 1.70 | 1.87 b | 1.97 a | 1.85 b | 1.90 |
Statistics Analysis Results | I | *** | I | ** | ||||
N | *** | N | *** | |||||
I × N | ** | I × N | * |
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Zain, M.; Si, Z.; Li, S.; Gao, Y.; Mehmood, F.; Rahman, S.-U.; Mounkaila Hamani, A.K.; Duan, A. The Coupled Effects of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Fertilization Mode on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Drip-Irrigated Winter Wheat. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052742
Zain M, Si Z, Li S, Gao Y, Mehmood F, Rahman S-U, Mounkaila Hamani AK, Duan A. The Coupled Effects of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Fertilization Mode on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Drip-Irrigated Winter Wheat. Sustainability. 2021; 13(5):2742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052742
Chicago/Turabian StyleZain, Muhammad, Zhuanyun Si, Sen Li, Yang Gao, Faisal Mehmood, Shafeeq-Ur Rahman, Abdoul Kader Mounkaila Hamani, and Aiwang Duan. 2021. "The Coupled Effects of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Fertilization Mode on Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Drip-Irrigated Winter Wheat" Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052742