5.2.2. Analysis of Empirical Results
Based on the structural equation model, the hypotheses of this study were tested and the standardized path coefficients of the model as well as the results of the hypothesis testing are as follows.
(1) Hypothesis testing.
Figure 2 shows the standardized path coefficient diagram of the structural equation model of the interest linkage of grassland livestock products’ green supply chain (note: the English initials of each potential variable are shown in
Figure 2). The hypotheses of this study were tested using AMOS 24.0 software, and the standardized path coefficients and significance levels of the model were calculated, as shown in
Table 9. Among them, Estimate is the unstandardized coefficient, which is used to determine the significance of its path coefficient, and the size of the standardized path coefficient is used to determine the degree of its influence.
From the output results, among the 11 paths of the theoretical model, all the paths passed the significance test, except for the two paths of “Green business status → Characteristics of decision-making behavior“ and “Circulation characteristics → Interest linkage”, which were not significant.
Public policy effect positively affects the green business status of business actors in the supply chain (
p < 0.001), and the standardized path coefficient is 0.594, so the research hypothesis of H1a is valid. This is consistent with the findings of scholars Du and Jing [
34]. Public policies are oriented toward ecological priority and green development, and continuously improve the green management awareness of business subjects through publicity and investment funds, thereby increasing green investment and expanding the scale of green management. The field research situation also confirms this conclusion, and the government gives priority to the implementation of policies such as agricultural support and protection subsidies, agricultural and livestock production materials purchase subsidies, and tax preferences with demonstration site enterprises, cooperatives, and herding households in order to follow the path of green and high-quality development of grassland animal husbandry, which provides important support and guarantees for production and breeding subjects to increase infrastructure construction, purchase mechanized and intelligent equipment, and improve livestock breeds. Public policy effect has a significant positive effect on willingness to cooperate (
p < 0.001), with a standardized path coefficient of 0.362. The support and publicity of relevant policies will directly promote the operation subjects to seek multifaceted cooperation to maximize their own interests; hypothesis H1b is verified. The standardized path coefficient of public policy effect on the characteristics of decision-making behavior is 0.712, which has a significant positive effect (
p < 0.001); hypothesis H1c is verified. This indicates that under the guidance and support of relevant government policies, business subjects have clearer awareness of the market business environment, more diversified channels to obtain market information, and positive attitudes toward the establishment of close interest linkages among subjects. At the same time, according to the standardized path coefficient, it can be seen that the public policy effect has a greater degree of influence on the characteristics of decision-making behavior.
The standardized path coefficient of green business status on the willingness to cooperate is 0.360, and the
p-value reaches the significance level. This indicates that the green production and operation status of supply chain stakeholders has a positive influence on the choice of inter-subject cooperation, the judgment of cooperation expectation, and the evaluation of cooperation subjects; H2a hypothesis is verified. On one hand, the green production and operation status of each interested subject drives them to abandon the traditional market transaction mode and choose horizontal and vertical cooperation modes to achieve the goal of reducing the transaction cost of the green supply chain of livestock products; on the other hand, each interested subject tends to choose a closely coordinated cooperation mode to better meet its own green development needs so as to continuously improve its market share and competitiveness. Taking the leading enterprises as an example, the publicity of the green management concept is conducive to enhancing their corporate image and reputation, improving their market competitiveness and production enthusiasm, and thus motivating them to continuously innovate their production and cooperation methods. Therefore, the good or bad green operation status of the subject has an obvious promotion effect on the willingness of the subject to cooperate in the green supply chain of grassland livestock products. The green business status positively affects the circulation characteristics of subjects (
p < 0.001), and the standardized path coefficient is 0.337; hypothesis H2c is verified. This indicates that the current expansion of the green scale of livestock products and the improvement in the green awareness of the operating subjects put forward higher requirements for the circulation of livestock products, the demand for cold chain logistics under the concept of green development is higher, and each operating subject pays more attention to the construction of its cold chain logistics system so as to maximize its own profit. Among them, the green business status of the subject has a greater degree of influence on willingness to cooperate. However, the
p-value of green business status on the characteristics of decision-making behavior did not pass the significance test, and hypothesis H2b did not hold. This is inconsistent with the research conclusion of Ge et al. (2017) [
16]; this may be determined by the special nature of livestock production, which relies heavily on the constraints of natural conditions, such as grassland ecology, and changes in green management status may not affect the degree of subjects’ knowledge of the market in a short period of time or may have less impact. Especially for herders, their market trading behavior does not change significantly in the short term because of the addition of green factors.
The willingness to cooperate of the interested subjects has a significant positive influence on the interest linkage of the green supply chain of livestock products, with an influence coefficient of 0.394 (p < 0.001); hypothesis H3 is valid. The existing contractual relationship, the judgment of expected benefits of cooperation, and the satisfaction of cooperation among the stakeholders in the green supply chain of grassland livestock products, to a certain extent, restrict the choice of the overall interest linkage of the supply chain. By comparing the risks and benefits of cooperation with those of separate operation, each stakeholder recognizes the necessity of cooperation and thus continuously enhances the willingness of cooperation among them in order to reduce transaction costs and risks and to obtain higher benefits by forming a close interest linkage among them.
Characteristics of decision-making behavior have a significant positive effect on both circulation characteristics and interest linkage at the 1% significance level, and research hypotheses H4a and H4b are tested. The interested subjects in the green supply chain, such as herders, cooperatives, and leading livestock product enterprises, are engaged in livestock production and operation activities based on market price trends, business environment expectations, and government policy guidance. Especially under the current policy background of green development of livestock industry, each subject tends to form different interest linkages in order to maximize their own interests by continuously trying to broaden sales channels and change product distribution methods to minimize operating costs and risks.
Circulation characteristics had a significant positive effect on willingness to cooperate, and the standardized path coefficient was 0.316. The research hypothesis H5a was verified, but the direct impact on interest linkage failed the significance test, so hypothesis H5b was not valid. This is inconsistent with the research conclusion of Ge et al. (2017) [
16]; this may be determined by the special geographical location of the grassland pastoral areas. Taking the herders’ business entities as an example, herders located in remote areas will choose to cooperate with other organizations based on their own logistics transportation convenience and cost pressure, so the circulation characteristics have a positive impact on the willingness to cooperate, but in the long run, with the improvement in logistics infrastructure conditions in pastoral areas, they may prefer self-operated logistics and have insufficient motivation to build interest linkage, so their effect on interest linkage is not significant.
(2) Influence mechanism of each influencing factor on interest linkage.
In order to further analyze the mechanism of each influencing factor on the interest linkage, this paper uses the bootstrap program in the AMOS 24.0 software to test the significance of each path mediation effect (the structural equation model constructed in this paper is the chain multiple mediation model). Among them, the paths of the influence of each factor on the interest linkage are labeled as follows: m1 (public policy effect → willingness to cooperate → interest linkage), m2 (public policy effect → green business status → willingness to cooperate → interest linkage), m3 (public policy effect → green business status → circulation characteristics → willingness to cooperate → interest linkage), m4 (public policy effect → green business status → interest linkage), m5 (public policy effect → green business status → circulation characteristics → willingness to cooperate → interest linkage), m6 (public policy effect → green business status → circulation characteristics → interest linkage), m7 (public policy effect → characteristics of decision-making behavior → circulation characteristics → willingness to cooperate → interest linkage), m8 (public policy effect → characteristics of decision-making behavior → circulation characteristics → interest linkage), m9 (public policy effect → characteristics of decision-making behavior → interest linkage), and m10 (public policy effect → green business status → characteristics of decision-making behavior → interest linkage). The details are shown in
Table 10. m1, m2, m3, m7, and m9 paths are significant, and the remaining indirect influence paths are not significant, which is consistent with the previous test hypotheses showing that H5b and H2b are not significant. Additionally, among all the paths, public policy effect indirectly influences the interest linkage to a greater extent through the characteristics of decision-making behavior.
According to the previous hypotheses and the analysis of the empirical results of the mediating path, it can be seen that (1) willingness to cooperate directly and positively affects interest linkage, for reasons that have been analyzed in the previous section and thus will not be repeated here. (2) Although the circulation characteristics cannot directly affect the interest linkage, they can indirectly and positively affect the interest linkage through willingness to cooperate. In other words, the better the circulation characteristics of livestock products, the more the willingness to cooperate in a vertical collaboration way, and the more conducive it is to the formation of interest linkage. (3) Characteristics of decision-making behavior can not only directly affect the interest linkage, but also change the willingness to cooperate with each other through circulation characteristics, thus indirectly affecting the formation of the interest linkage mechanism. When the subject’s characteristics of decision-making behavior are better, i.e., the clearer they know the market information and demand of livestock products, they can promote the diversification of sales channels and distribution methods of livestock products, so that they tend to cooperate with each other to reduce production and distribution costs and establish reasonable and stable interest linkage to maximize overall interests. (4) The green business status can indirectly influence the interest linkage through two paths. First, it indirectly affects the interest linkage through the willingness to cooperate with each other. With the deepening of the concept of green development, each participating body in the supply chain pays more attention to the green business status of the cooperative partners, and the scale of green operation, the degree of green input, and green operation will directly affect the judgment of the expected benefits of the cooperative partners, thus affecting the overall interest linkage. The second path is through a change in the willingness to cooperate through circulation characteristics, thus indirectly affecting the interest linkage. Based on the special characteristics of livestock products, the better the green business status of the subject, the more willing it is to change the circulation characteristics of its livestock products, thus affecting its willingness to participate in cooperation and further influencing the formation of the overall interest linkage mechanism. (5) The public policy effect can indirectly influence the interest linkage through five paths. Firstly, it indirectly affects the interest linkage through willingness to cooperate, and the proportion of indirect effect is 21.01%. Secondly, through the characteristics of decision-making behavior, the indirect effect is 45.91%, which shows that the public policy effect has the strongest influence on the interest linkage by influencing the characteristics of decision-making behavior. Thirdly, by means of the characteristics of decision-making behavior, it influences the circulation characteristics of subjects and changes the cooperation willingness of the interested subjects, thus indirectly influencing the interest linkage; the proportion of indirect effect is 5.58%. The fourth path is improving the willingness to cooperate of subjects by improving their green business status, thus indirectly influencing the interest linkage; the proportion of indirect effect is 12.45%. Fifth, on the basis of improving the green business situation, the circulation characteristics of livestock products of the subject are enhanced, thus affecting the willingness to cooperate with each other and indirectly influencing the construction of interest linkage, with an indirect effect of 3.63%.