Developing a Tool for Landscape Sustainability Assessment—Using a New Conceptual Approach in Lebanon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Landscape Policies and Framework
1.2. Landscape Facets
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Meaning of Sustainability
3.2. Sustainability Assessment Approaches and Tools
3.3. Landscape Sustainability Assessment
Tools | Brief Description | Use | Qualitative/Quantitative | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LCA | Landscape Character Assessment | Recognizes and classifies the uniqueness of a landscape based on distinctive elements or characteristics, and monitors changes and understands development. | Region-specific and stakeholder-orientated identification the basic structures of landscape biophysical components and cultivation patterns. | Qualitative | [44] |
LPS | Landscape Performance Series | Proposes solutions to reach a sustainable landscape through platforms to help landscape designers and landscape agencies weigh performance. | Transforming landscape design and development processes. | Quantitative | [45] |
LQ | Landscape Quality | Relevant to values and direct use of landscape resources. | Analyzing and combining what the public is perceiving, the opinions of stakeholders, and the requirements proposed by experts. | Qualitative | [4] |
LVIA | Landscape & Visual Impact Assessment | Helps professionals identify the impact of new projects on landscape views. | Involved in the design of the landscape and subsequent proposals of management. | Qualitative | [46] |
SEA | Strategical Environmental Assessment | Evolution of EIA towards sustainable outcomes, taking landscape in the account. | In landscape management to enhance multi-stakeholder dialogues. | Qualitative & semi-quantitative | [43] |
3.4. Defining Landscape Indicators and Their Arising Need
3.5. Relevant Landscape Indicators and Categorization
3.6. Landscape Indicators in the European Studies
3.7. The Four Indicators Sets of Performance
3.8. Selection of Indicators by Landscape Observatory of Catalonia CLoT
3.9. Case Studies from Netherland, Italian and English Landscapes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Facets of the Landscape | Description | Referencing CoE Expert |
---|---|---|
| Where the city is considered through spatial thinking as a whole, and integration with the landscape will be held vertically and horizontally. | Bruns D. [20] |
| Are collective spaces with a character of their own, hosting daily life and creating positive scenery through valuable landscapes. | Echániz I. [20] |
| Are landscape feature and cultural asset meriting conservation, relevant to offering safety, improving the landscape and the avenue climate. | Pradines C., Association “Trees and Roads” [20] |
| Are analytical studies of 7-steps where groups or individuals can analyze their landscape and be aware of changes in their landscape, and thus participate in the process. | O’Regan T. [20] |
| Is education on general aspects of the landscape applied in primary and secondary schools. | Castiglioni B. [20] |
| Recommendations on curricula and educational structures, combining natural and social sciences with skills in planning and landscape design. | Sarlöv-Herlin I., European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools [20] |
| Instrument for the regulation of social relations, and the protection of rights in landscape management and preservation. | Kuleshova M. & Semenova T. [20] |
Identification | Screening | Included | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
From Search | From Other Sources | Duplication Removal | Search Result Excluded | Reason to Exclude | Qualitative Synthesis |
178 | 10 | 188 screened 0 duplicates | 50 | No tools data | 6 |
20 | No landscape indicator | ||||
15 | No landscape data | ||||
10 | Not accessible | ||||
9 | Not related to sustainability of landscapes | ||||
7 | No landscape policies data |
Common Tools | Context | Scale of Analysis | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental Impact Assessment | Before decisions are taken | Sites or processes | [37] |
| Farm Sustainability Assessment | Self-assessed | Farm | [38] |
| Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | Scorecard questionnaire | Protected area | [39] |
Tools | Brief Description | Use | Qualitative/Quantitative | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EIA | Environmental impact Assessment | Environmental decision making that provides all needed information on the expected impacts of projects prior to execution, thus intended to prevent potential negative impacts and propose alternative solutions. | Facilitate informed and transparent decision-making on whether or not a proposal should be given approval to proceed. | Qualitative | [37] |
FSA v4 | Farm Sustainability Assessment (version 4) | Covering three dimensions of sustainability, IDEA is a 41-sustainability-indicator-based method, used by farmers in a process of sustainability at farm self-assessment, for possible progress towards increased sustainability. | Educational, research, farmers, agro-ecological development. | Qualitative and Quantitative | [38] |
METT | Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool | Scorecard questionnaire on management of protected area to propose rapid adaptation | Effectiveness and adaptive management. | Qualitative | [39] |
Pillar | Component | Indicator | Relevant Landscape indicators | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Three pillars or dimensions of sustainability | Environmental dimension | Diversity | Annual crop diversity | Yes |
Tree crop diversity | Yes | |||
Animal diversity | ||||
Safeguard of animal and vegetal diversity | ||||
Organization of spaces | Crop rotation | Yes | ||
Plot management | ||||
Ecological buffer zones | Yes | |||
Environmental and landscapes safeguard | Yes | |||
Stocking rate | ||||
Agricultural practices | Fertilization | |||
Pesticides | ||||
Veterinary treatments | ||||
Management of the livestock effluents | ||||
Natural resources | Soil management | Yes | ||
Water resource management | Yes | |||
Organic matter management | ||||
Energy | Energy dependence | |||
Renewable energy | Yes | |||
Social dimension | Quality | Quality of the products | Yes | |
Rural buildings | Yes | |||
Landscape and territory | Yes | |||
Short supply chain and related activities | Short food supply chain | |||
Related activities | ||||
Work | Work | Yes | ||
Sustainability of employment | Yes | |||
Training | Yes | |||
Ethic and social development | Livestock management | |||
Associations and social implications | Yes | |||
Cooperation | Yes | |||
Culture and education | Waste management | |||
Accessibility to the farm spaces | Yes | |||
Sustainable use of materials | Yes | |||
Education | Yes | |||
Economical dimension | Economic viability | Value of production | Yes | |
Added value | Yes | |||
Persistence | Farm ability to generate income | Yes | ||
Income per family worker | Yes | |||
Independence | CAP independence | |||
Autonomy | ||||
Diversification | Diversification of the production | Yes | ||
Business diversification | Yes | |||
Multifunctionality | Multifunctionality | Yes |
Country of Origin | Methodology | Relevant Landscape Indicators | Uses |
---|---|---|---|
Europe | Policies establishment | Landscape diversity Landscape quality Landscape character | Landscape-related concepts |
Asia | Four indicators sets of performance | Improved landscape livelihoods Improved ecosystem services Improved resource efficiency in land use Supply of food and other products | Landscape at different scales Landscape sustainability management |
Catalonia | Ten indicators | Transformation of the landscape Landscape diversity Landscape fragmentation Economic value of the landscape Knowledge of the landscape Landscape satisfaction Landscape sociability Landscape and communication Public and private action in the field of conservation Application of instruments of the landscape legislation | Landscape quality |
Netherland | Landscape Perception and assessment | Unity Functional organization Possibility of using landscape for own activities Historical character Natural character Spatial dimensions Sense impressions | Landscape appreciation Landscape perception |
Italy | European Landscape Character | Coherence Openness Diversity | Landscape character Landscape policy |
United Kingdom | Emerging indicators | Land cover Cultural pattern | Future monitoring at Landscape scale |
Indicator | Brief Description |
---|---|
| Analysis of changes in the natural and cultural characteristics of landscape which alter its value or its appearance. |
| Evolution of the richness of landscape configurations. |
| The result of a process of breaking and splitting into pieces the continuity of a landscape and its coherence. |
| The capacity of a landscape to convert its features into productive resources of diverse economic value. |
| The level of recognition and interaction with the landscape which a given population experiences. |
| The level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with their landscape of the population living in a given area. |
| Makes it possible to ascertain social relations in its widest sense in relation to the landscape and generated by the landscape. |
| Approximation to the communicative dimension of the landscape. |
| Monitoring public policies and private actions in the field of landscape conservation, management and planning. |
| Evaluating instruments such as landscape catalogues or guidelines real contribution to public policies in landscape conservation, management and planning. |
Agreement | Publishing by Lebanese Government | Brief Description | Use | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
| Decree 2009 | Defines the principles of developments of territory and proposes facilities and sites of planned activities. | Territory | [69] |
| Ratification 1994 Law 360 | Sustainably uses BD and develop national strategies and action plans. | Reserve | [70] |
| Adhesion in 1990 Law 19 | Identification, protection, and preservation. | Reserve | [71] |
| Develop and strengthen models of sustainable development, communicate experiences, and lessons learned. | Biosphere reserve | [72] | |
| Adhesion | Reducing greenhouse gas concentrations to avoid man-made interference with the climate system. | Territory | [73] |
| Ratification 1996 | Strategic and technical recommendations for mitigating the impact of desertification. | Territory | [74] |
| Initiative | the implementation of sustainable land management practices and institutional and legislative measures | Territory | [75] |
| National commitments | Accomplishing the SDGs with Integrated Landscape Management. | Territory | [76] |
| Initiative | Encouraging an integrated landscape management restoring resources and services provided by the landscape. | Forest | [77] |
Category | Description | Party Involved | Legal Instrument |
---|---|---|---|
| A terrestrial or marine zone created to conserve an ecosystem or endemic species. | Supervised by the Ministry of Environment MoE | Law |
| An area encompassing sites of natural or cultural importance. | Protected by the MoE | Decree |
| Protected sites. | By decision of the Ministry of Agriculture MoA | Law 85/1991 |
| Managed and assorted by community. | By decision of the Ministry of Agriculture MoA | Municipal Decision |
| A partially inhabited rural territory, with exceptional natural and cultural heritage, with the combined “strict conservation” and “sustainable use” system applied. | Under the supervision of the Ministry of Environment MoE | Law 130/2019 |
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Aad, R.; Nemer, N. Developing a Tool for Landscape Sustainability Assessment—Using a New Conceptual Approach in Lebanon. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015092
Aad R, Nemer N. Developing a Tool for Landscape Sustainability Assessment—Using a New Conceptual Approach in Lebanon. Sustainability. 2023; 15(20):15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015092
Chicago/Turabian StyleAad, Roula, and Nabil Nemer. 2023. "Developing a Tool for Landscape Sustainability Assessment—Using a New Conceptual Approach in Lebanon" Sustainability 15, no. 20: 15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015092