Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Climate Risk Management Strategies: Evidence from Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Regional South India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Selection and Description of the Study Area
2.2. Survey and Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Economic Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Relationship of Socio-Economic Features of the Smallholder Dairy Farmers and Their Knowledge of Climate Change
3.3. Farmers’ Perception of the Risks of Climate Change on the Dairy Farming Systems
3.4. Farmers’ Perceptions of the Impacts of Climate Risks on the Dairy Farming System
3.5. Dairy Farmers Adaptation Strategies
3.5.1. Barriers to Adaptation
3.5.2. Motivating Factors for Adopting the Climate Impact Adaptation Strategies
3.5.3. Determinants of Dairy Farmers’ Coping Strategies to Climate Change Impacts
4. Discussions
4.1. Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Knowledge of Climate Change and Their Perceptions of Climate Risk and Impacts
4.2. Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Coping Strategies, Constraints, and Facilitating Factors in Adopting These Strategies
4.3. Determinants of Dairy Farmers’ Coping Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Economic Characteristics (Unit of Measurement) | Mean | Std. Deviation | S.E |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Number) | 50.55 | 13.55 | 1.32 |
Education (Schooling years) | 8.32 | 4.19 | 0.41 |
Landholding capacity (Acres) | 3.26 | 2.89 | 0.28 |
Annual Income (INR) | 108,928 | 60,751 | 5957 |
Herd size (Number of animals) | 2.21 | 1.19 | 0.11 |
Annual milk production per cattle (Liter) | 3499 | 1319.07 | 129.34 |
Annual expenses per cattle (INR) | 45,450 | 15,625.24 | 1532.18 |
Socio-Economic Features | % of Respondents Mentioned “Yes” | Chi-Square | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 55.6 | 2.42 ns |
Female | 44.4 | ||
Age | <30 years | 5.1 | 4.13 ns |
31–50 years | 51.5 | ||
51–70 years | 35.4 | ||
>70 Years | 8.1 | ||
Education | Illiterate | 11.1 | 8.75 ** |
Primary | 14.1 | ||
Middle school | 11.1 | ||
High School | 53.5 | ||
University | 10.1 | ||
Primary occupation | Agriculture (Dairy and crops) | 96.0 | 14.23 ** |
Other business | 1.0 | ||
Dairy only | 3.0 | ||
Landholding | Marginal (<2.47 acre) | 41.4 | 3.14 * |
Small (2.47–4.94 acre) | 34.3 | ||
Medium (4.94–9.88 acre) | 20.2 | ||
Large (>9.88 acre) | 4.0 |
Adaptation Strategies | % of the Respondents Mentioned the Adaptation Strategies as Important | Chi-Square | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Occupation | Educational Qualification | |||||||||
Male | Female | Agriculture | Business | Dairy | Illiterate | Primary | Middle School | High School | University | ||
Value addition | 53.8 | 46.2 | 95.7 | 1.1 | 3.2 | 14.0 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 50.5 | 9.7 | 64.65 ** |
Crop Insurance | 54.8 | 45.2 | 93.5 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 14.5 | 11.3 | 9.7 | 58.1 | 6.5 | 3.84 * |
Low debt obligation | 53.8 | 46.2 | 94.5 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 11.0 | 16.5 | 13.2 | 49.5 | 9.9 | 58.50 ** |
Increase herd size | 53.3 | 46.7 | 93.3 | 1.7 | 5.0 | 11.7 | 16.7 | 11.7 | 51.7 | 8.3 | 2.46 ns |
Sell livestock | 51.8 | 48.2 | 94.0 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 12.0 | 15.7 | 10.8 | 49.4 | 12.0 | 36.96 ** |
Off-farm employment | 54.3 | 45.7 | 95.7 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 12.0 | 15.2 | 10.9 | 51.1 | 10.9 | 61.53 ** |
Diversification | 46.0 | 54.0 | 93.7 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 15.9 | 12.7 | 9.5 | 52.4 | 9.5 | 4.6 ** |
Buying livestock insurance | 54.0 | 46.0 | 94.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 50.0 | 9.0 | 88.61 ** |
Cash in hand | 52.9 | 47.1 | 94.1 | 1.0 | 4.9 | 12.7 | 15.7 | 11.8 | 51.0 | 8.8 | 95.15 ** |
Drought-tolerant grass cultivation | 47.1 | 52.9 | 94.1 | 1.0 | 4.9 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 11.8 | 51.0 | 9.8 | 96.15 ** |
Alternative income sources | 55.1 | 44.9 | 94.9 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 12.2 | 16.3 | 12.2 | 50.0 | 9.2 | 81.38 ** |
Predictors Variables | Response Variables (i.e., Adaptation Measures) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cash on Hand | Drought-Tolerant Variety Grass | Buying Livestock Insurance | Diversification | Off-farm Employment | Sell Livestock | Increase Herd Size | Low-Debt Obligation | Crop Insurance | Value Addition | |
Gender (0 for male, 1 for female) | NS | NS | NS | −0.63 ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Age | −0.86 * | 0.951 * | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.007 * | 0.029 ** | NS | NS |
Education (y) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.01 * | 0.11 * | 0.007 * | NS |
Earning family members | NS | NS | NS | NS | 1.19 ** | NS | NS | NS | 0.06 ** | NS |
Annual income | NS | 0.00 ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Annual milk production | −0.018 ** | NS | −0.001* | NS | NS | NS | NS | −0.00 ** | NS | NS |
Expenses per cattle per month | 0.016 * | NS | NS | 0.00 * | −0.001 ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Landholding | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.021 ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
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Shantharaju, A.; Islam, M.A.; Kath, J.M.; Mushtaq, S.; Muniyappa, A.; Singh-Peterson, L. Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Climate Risk Management Strategies: Evidence from Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Regional South India. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052018
Shantharaju A, Islam MA, Kath JM, Mushtaq S, Muniyappa A, Singh-Peterson L. Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Climate Risk Management Strategies: Evidence from Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Regional South India. Sustainability. 2024; 16(5):2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052018
Chicago/Turabian StyleShantharaju, Anupama, Md Aminul Islam, Jarrod M. Kath, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Arun Muniyappa, and Lila Singh-Peterson. 2024. "Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Climate Risk Management Strategies: Evidence from Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Regional South India" Sustainability 16, no. 5: 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16052018