Effect of Planting Date on Accumulated Temperature and Maize Growth under Mulched Drip Irrigation in a Middle-Latitude Area with Frequent Chilling Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Field Experiment
2.3. Observation Indexes and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Planting Date and Film Mulching on Heat Distribution
3.1.1. Soil Temperature
3.1.2. Active Accumulated Temperature
3.2. Effect of Planting Date on Maize Growth Process
3.3. Effects of Planting Date on Maize Growth Indexes
3.4. Effects of Planting Date on Maize Yield Indexes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fertilizer | Sowing | V6–V12 | VT | R2 | R4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 20% | 45% | 15% | 15% | 5% |
P2O5 | 50% | 30% | 20% | -- | -- |
K2O | 50% | 50% | -- | -- | -- |
Year | Treatment | Sowing–Harvest | Sowing–VE | VE–VT | VT–Harvest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | MD1 | 3050 | 183 | 1544 | 1323 |
MD2 | 2927 | 210 | 1487 | 1229 | |
MD3 | 2793 | 235 | 1435 | 1122 | |
MD4 | 2677 | 207 | 1447 | 1023 | |
Mean | 2862 | 209 | 1478 | 1174 | |
2016 | MD1 | 2993 | 219 | 1443 | 1330 |
MD2 | 2969 | 214 | 1508 | 1247 | |
MD3 | 2798 | 214 | 1450 | 1134 | |
MD4 | 2635 | 186 | 1413 | 1020 | |
Mean | 2849 | 208 | 1454 | 1183 | |
Mean | MD1 | 3021 | 201 | 1494 | 1327 |
MD2 | 2948 | 212 | 1498 | 1238 | |
MD3 | 2796 | 225 | 1443 | 1128 | |
MD4 | 2656 | 197 | 1430 | 1022 |
Year | Treatment | Sowing–Harvest | Sowing–VE | VE–VT | VT–Harvest |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | MD1 | 155d | 9a | 81b | 65c |
MD2 | 150c | 17c | 69a | 64c | |
MD3 | 139b | 11b | 68a | 60b | |
MD4 | 133a | 10a | 66a | 57a | |
F-test | 89.9 ** | 42.9 ** | 52.0 ** | 22.7 ** | |
NM-D2 | 153 | 21 | 67 | 65 | |
Mean | 146A | 14A | 70A | 62A | |
2016 | MD1 | 154d | 18d | 69b | 67c |
MD2 | 149c | 14c | 69b | 66c | |
MD3 | 141b | 12b | 67a | 62b | |
MD4 | 131a | 10a | 64a | 57a | |
F-test | 200.5 ** | 143.9 ** | 16.3 ** | 45.2 ** | |
NM-D2 | 152 | 18 | 67 | 67 | |
Mean | 145A | 14A | 67A | 64A | |
Mean | MD1 | 155d | 14ab | 75b | 66c |
MD2 | 150c | 16b | 69a | 65c | |
MD3 | 140b | 12ab | 67a | 61b | |
MD4 | 132a | 10a | 65a | 57a | |
F-test | 200.7 ** | 4.6 * | 8.5 ** | 51.2 ** | |
NM-D2 | 153 | 20 | 67 | 66 |
Year | Item | Emergence Rate (%) | Height (cm) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Dry Matter Per Plant | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g·Plant−1) | Proportion (%) | |||||||
Stem | Leaves | Ear | ||||||
2015 | MD1 | 94.5b | 311.5a | 2.6b | 434.9b | 19.9a | 11.9a | 68.2b |
MD2 | 92.1a | 314.2a | 2.6b | 440.2b | 20.2a | 12.1a | 67.7b | |
MD3 | 93.5ab | 317.3ab | 2.4ab | 400.0a | 23.0ab | 14.6b | 62.4a | |
MD4 | 93.9ab | 322.0b | 2.3a | 378.5a | 23.9b | 15.4b | 60.8a | |
F-test | 6.6 * | 4.2 * | 6.8 * | 11.8 ** | 11.5 ** | 16.7 ** | 18.7 ** | |
NM-D2 | 86.7 | 316.2 | 2.4 | 412.5 | 22.7 | 14.1 | 63.2 | |
Mean | 92.1A | 316.2B | 2.5A | 413.2B | 21.9A | 13.6A | 64.5A | |
2016 | MD1 | 93.5a | 306.0a | 2.5 b | 426.1b | 19.6a | 12.4a | 68.0c |
MD2 | 93.0a | 309.0b | 2.5b | 423.7b | 20.0a | 13.1ab | 66.9bc | |
MD3 | 95.2a | 314.4c | 2.3ab | 376.4a | 21.5a | 14.2bc | 64.3ab | |
MD4 | 95.6a | 319.3 c | 2.1a | 359.3a | 22.1a | 15.0c | 62.9a | |
F-test | 3.3 | 6.9 ** | 15.2 ** | 39.4 ** | 1.9 | 6.6 * | 7.3 * | |
NM-D2 | 88.5 | 311.5 | 2.3 | 384.7 | 21.6 | 13.8 | 64.6 | |
Mean | 93.2A | 312.0A | 2.3A | 394.0A | 20.9A | 13.7A | 65.3A | |
Mean | MD1 | 94.0ab | 308.6a | 2.6 | 430.5c | 19.8a | 12.1a | 68.1b |
MD2 | 92.5a | 311.8a | 2.6 | 432.0c | 20.1a | 12.6a | 67.3b | |
MD3 | 94.3ab | 315.9ab | 2.4 | 388.2b | 22.2b | 14.4b | 63.4a | |
MD4 | 94.7b | 320.7b | 2.2 | 368.9a | 23.0b | 15.2b | 61.8a | |
F-test | 4.4 * | 5.6 ** | 9.6 ** | 27.2 ** | 8.6 ** | 22.3 ** | 21.5 ** | |
NM-D2 | 87.6 | 313.9 | 2.4 | 398.6 | 22.2 | 14 | 63.9 |
Year | Treatment | Bald Tip Length (cm) | Hundred-Grain Weight (g) | Grain Number Per Ear | Grain Moisture Content (%) | Yield (14%) (Mg·ha−1) | Total Dry Matter Accumulation (Mg·ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | MD1 | 1.6a | 35.5c | 592b | 24.9a | 16.24c | 34.25b |
MD2 | 1.7a | 35.1bc | 604c | 25.4a | 16.02c | 33.77b | |
MD3 | 2.2b | 33.4ab | 560ab | 28.1b | 14.45b | 31.15a | |
MD4 | 2.4b | 31.8a | 548a | 29.6b | 13.55a | 29.60a | |
F-test | 15.3 ** | 9.6 ** | 10.2 ** | 14.2 ** | 24.9 ** | 10.9 ** | |
NM-D2 | 2 | 34.7 | 576 | 26 | 14.62 | 31.45 | |
Mean | 2.0A | 34.1A | 576B | 26.8A | 15.20A | 32.20A | |
2016 | MD1 | 1.8a | 35.3b | 591b | 24.8a | 15.91b | 33.18b |
MD2 | 1.9a | 35.2b | 587b | 25.2a | 15.68b | 32.83b | |
MD3 | 2.5b | 34.1b | 538a | 28.3b | 14.04a | 29.86a | |
MD4 | 3.0b | 32.4a | 521a | 28.9b | 13.06a | 28.62a | |
F-test | 48.1 ** | 6.9 * | 29.6 ** | 14.5 ** | 9.9 ** | 28.5 ** | |
NM-D2 | 2.4 | 34.3 | 558 | 26.27 | 14.29 | 30.91 | |
Mean | 2.3B | 34.3A | 559A | 26.7A | 14.53A | 31.04A | |
Mean | MD1 | 1.7a | 35.4c | 592b | 24.8a | 16.08c | 33.71c |
MD2 | 1.8a | 35.1c | 595b | 25.3a | 15.85c | 33.30c | |
MD3 | 2.4b | 33.7b | 549a | 28.2b | 14.24b | 30.50b | |
MD4 | 2.7c | 32.0a | 535a | 29.3b | 13.30a | 29.11a | |
F-test | 30.3 ** | 41.8 ** | 21.7 ** | 30.4 ** | 59.9 ** | 26.9 ** | |
NM-D2 | 2.2 | 34.5 | 567 | 26.1 | 14.46 | 31.18 |
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Wang, D.; Li, G.; Mo, Y.; Cai, M.; Bian, X. Effect of Planting Date on Accumulated Temperature and Maize Growth under Mulched Drip Irrigation in a Middle-Latitude Area with Frequent Chilling Injury. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091500
Wang D, Li G, Mo Y, Cai M, Bian X. Effect of Planting Date on Accumulated Temperature and Maize Growth under Mulched Drip Irrigation in a Middle-Latitude Area with Frequent Chilling Injury. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091500
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Dan, Guangyong Li, Yan Mo, Mingkun Cai, and Xinyang Bian. 2017. "Effect of Planting Date on Accumulated Temperature and Maize Growth under Mulched Drip Irrigation in a Middle-Latitude Area with Frequent Chilling Injury" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091500