Google Earth Engine Open-Source Code for Land Surface Temperature Estimation from the Landsat Series
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Input Data
2.1.1. Landsat Data
2.1.2. Atmospheric Data
2.1.3. Surface Emissivity
- (1)
- ASTER FVC is derived from NDVI using Equation (1);
- (2)
- The bare ground emissivity () for each ASTER band is derived from the original ASTER emissivity () and the corresponding ASTER FVC, using Equation (2) with the prescribed value of ;
- (3)
- The bare ground emissivity for each Landsat TIR band () is derived from the ASTER bare ground emissivity using the spectral adjustments provided in Table II of [25];
- (4)
- FVC values for the Landsat image are computed from the respective NDVI values using Equation (1);
- (5)
- The vegetation cover method (2) is used to obtain the actual surface emissivity for each Landsat TIR band.
2.2. LST Retrieval
2.2.1. SMW Algorithm
2.2.2. Algorithm Calibration
- (1)
- We define classes of LST ranging from 200 K to 330 K in steps of 5 K, and classes of TCWV from 0 to 6 cm in steps of 0.3 cm. TCWV values above 6 cm are assigned to the last class.
- (2)
- The Borbas database is iterated to randomly attribute a single clear-sky profile to each TCWV/LST class. At each new iteration, profile selection is limited to those with a great-circle distance to already selected profiles greater than 15 degrees. This guarantees a more extensive geographical coverage of the calibration database.
- (3)
- For each of the selected profiles, surface conditions are varied to ensure a wide range of conditions are included in the database: following [57], LST is set with respect to air temperature (Tair), namely to the difference between LST and air temperature (LST-Tair) ranging from -15 K to +15 K in steps of 5 K. Surface emissivity values are varied between 0.9 and 0.99 in steps of 0.01.
2.2.3. Processing Chain
2.3. In situ Data
2.3.1. In situ LST Derivation
2.3.2. Statistical Metrics
3. Results
3.1. Algorithm Calibration
3.2. LST Retrieval
3.3. Validation with in situ LST
4. Discussion
4.1. SURFRAD Stations
4.2. BSRN Stations
4.3. KIT Stations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Satellite | Used Bands | Wavelength (µm) | Dataset | Spatial Resolution | E.C.T. | Date Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landsat 4 (TM) | Red: B3 NIR: B4 TIR: B6 | 0.63–0.69 0.76–0.90 10.4–12.5 | C01/T1_SR C01/T1_SR C01/T1_TOA | 30 m 30 m 1202 m | 9:45 am (16-day) | 22 August 1982 to 14 December 1993 |
Landsat 5 (TM) | Red: B3 NIR: B4 TIR: B6 | 0.63–0.69 0.76–0.90 10.4–12.5 | C01/T1_SR C01/T1_SR C01/T1_TOA | 30 m 30 m 1202 m | 9:45 am (16-day) | 1 January 1984 to 5 May 2012 |
Landsat 7 (ETM+) | Red: B3 NIR: B4 TIR: B61 | 0.63–0.69 0.77–0.90 10.4–12.5 | C01/T1_SR C01/T1_SR C01/T1_TOA | 30 m 30 m 602 m | 10:00 am (16-day) | 1 January1999 to present |
Landsat 8 (OLI; TIRS) | Red: B4 NIR: B5 TIR: B10 | 0.64–0.67 0.85–0.88 10.6–11.19 | C01/T1_SR C01/T1_SR C01/T1_TOA | 30 m 30 m 1002 m | 10:00 am (16-day) | 11 April 2013 to present |
Site Location | ID | Coordinates | Elevation | Land Cover | Start Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SURFRAD | |||||
Bondville, IL | BND | 40.051°N 88.373°W | 213 m | Grassland | 1 April 1994 |
Desert rock, NV | DRA | 36.623 °N 116.020 °W | 1004 m | Shrubland | 1 March 1998 |
Fort Peck, MT | FPK | 48.308 °N 105.102 °W | 636 m | Grassland | 1 November 1994 |
Goodwin Creek, MS | GWN | 34.255 °N 89.873 °W | 96 m | Grassland | 1 December 1994 |
Penn State Un., PA | PSU | 40.720 °N 77.931 °W | 373 m | Cropland | 1 June 1998 |
Sioux Falls, SD | SXF | 43.734 °N 96.623 °W | 483 m | Grassland | 1 June 2003 |
Table Mountain, CO | TBL | 40.126 °N 105.238 °W | 1692 m | Grassland | 1 July 1995 |
BSRN | |||||
Cabauw, Netherlands | CAB | 51.9711°N 4.9267°E | 0 m | Grassland | 1 December 2005 |
Gobabeb, Namibia | GOB | 23.519504°S 15.083229°E | 407 m | Desert | 15 December 2012 |
KIT | |||||
Evora, Portugal | EVO | 38.540 °N 8.003 °W | 230 m | Savanna | 1 January 2009 |
Gobabeb, Namibia | GBB | 23.551 °S 15.051°E | 406 m | Desert | 1 January 2009 |
Kalahari, Namibia | KAL | 22.933 °S 17.992 °E | 1380 m | Shrubland | 1 January 2011 |
Station | µ (K) | σ (K) | RMSE (K) | N | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L5 | L7 | L8 | L5 | L7 | L8 | L5 | L7 | L8 | L5 | L7 | L8 | |
BND | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 98 | 177 | 115 |
1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 102 | 190 | 133 | |
DRA | 0.1 | −0.6 | −0.4 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 109 | 189 | 201 |
0.1 | −0.7 | −0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 6.6 | 4.1 | 2.9 | 115 | 209 | 215 | |
FPK | 1.9 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 110 | 242 | 172 |
1.8 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 8.8 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 123 | 250 | 174 | |
GWN | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 146 | 211 | 115 |
0.3 | 0.5 | −0.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 155 | 227 | 124 | |
PSU | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 0 | 23 | 22 | |||
0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0 | 24 | 22 | ||||
SXF | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 50 | 100 | 115 |
0.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 54 | 107 | 123 | |
TBL | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 119 | 208 | 140 |
2.5 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 123 | 219 | 145 | |
CAB | −1.2 | −0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 0 | 46 | 79 | |||
−1.4 | −0.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 0 | 56 | 86 | ||||
GOB | 2.9 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 0 | 97 | 131 | |||
3.2 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 4.2 | 3.8 | 0 | 103 | 140 | ||||
EVO | 0.3 | −1.2 | −0.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 29 | 113 | 94 |
−0.1 | −1.2 | −0.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 31 | 119 | 104 | |
GBB | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 11 | 106 | 102 |
0.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 11 | 108 | 109 | |
KAL | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0 | 70 | 86 | |||
0.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 1 | 74 | 92 |
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Ermida, S.L.; Soares, P.; Mantas, V.; Göttsche, F.-M.; Trigo, I.F. Google Earth Engine Open-Source Code for Land Surface Temperature Estimation from the Landsat Series. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091471
Ermida SL, Soares P, Mantas V, Göttsche F-M, Trigo IF. Google Earth Engine Open-Source Code for Land Surface Temperature Estimation from the Landsat Series. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12(9):1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091471
Chicago/Turabian StyleErmida, Sofia L., Patrícia Soares, Vasco Mantas, Frank-M. Göttsche, and Isabel F. Trigo. 2020. "Google Earth Engine Open-Source Code for Land Surface Temperature Estimation from the Landsat Series" Remote Sensing 12, no. 9: 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091471