Relative Validity of a Food and Beverage Preference Questionnaire to Characterize Taste Phenotypes in Children Adolescents and Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Food and Beverage Preference Questionnaire
Sensory Taste Preference Score
2.2. Food Frequency Questionnaire
2.3. Questionnaires and Anthropometry
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Boys <12 Years | Girls <12 Years | Boys ≥12 Years | Girls ≥12 Years | Fathers | Mothers | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweet | ||||||
Milk chocolate | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Chocolate bar | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Lemonade | X | X | X | X | X | |
Coke | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Diet coke | X | X | X | X | X | |
Donut | X | X | X | X | X | |
Jam | X | X | X | X | X | |
Honey | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Plain croissant | X | X | X | X | X | |
Chocolate croissant | X | X | X | X | X | |
Cornflakes | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Chocolate crispies | X | X | X | X | X | |
Chocolate spread | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Banana | X | X | X | X | ||
Fruit yoghurt | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Yoghurt | X | X | X | X | X | |
Fruit juice | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Chocolate pudding | X | X | ||||
Gateau | X | X | X | |||
Ice tea | X | |||||
Ice cream | X | X | ||||
Water | X | |||||
Wholemeal bread | X | |||||
Salty | ||||||
Salt | X | |||||
Salted nuts | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Salted pistachios | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Savoury biscuits | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Salty sticks | X | x | X | X | X | X |
Olives | X | |||||
Feta | X | |||||
Fatty | ||||||
Hamburger | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Hot Dog | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Fried chicken | X | X | X | X | X | |
Steak | X | X | X | |||
French fries | X | X | X | X | X | |
Chips | X | X | X | X | X | |
Sausage | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Salami | X | X | X | X | ||
Butter | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Mayonnaise | X | X | X | X | X | |
Milk | X | X | X | |||
Cream | X | X | X | X | ||
Mashed potatoes | X | |||||
Kebab | X | X | X | |||
Nachos | X | X | ||||
Chili sauce | X | X | ||||
Bitter | ||||||
Broccoli | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Spinach | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Lettuce | X | X | ||||
Olives | X | X | X | |||
Lasagne | X | |||||
Red cabbage | X | X | ||||
Sprouts | X | X | ||||
Asparagus | X | X | ||||
Grapefruit | X | |||||
Steak | X |
Adults n = 5291 | Adolescents n = 3082 | Children n = 3834 | Total n = 12,207 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) (p25; p75) | Mean (SD) (p25; p75) | Mean (SD) (p25; p75) | Mean (SD) (p25; p75) | |
Age | 42.4 (5.8) (38.4; 46.2) | 13.6 (1.0) (12.8; 14.0) | 9.6 (1.6) (8.8; 10.8) | 24.8 (15.9) (11.0; 41.0) |
Sweet food propensity score | 18.3 (11.5) (9.4; 25.5) | 24.5 (11.1) (16.5; 31.1) | 22.9 (10.3) (15.7; 29.0) | 21.3 (11.3) (13.0; 28.4) |
Fatty food propensity score | 22.0 (9.1) (15.6; 28.2) | 24.5 (9.1) (18.3; 30.1) | 27.0 (8.9) (21.2; 32.5) | 24.2 (9.3) (17.8; 30.2) |
Sweet preference score | 3.5 (0.7) (3.0; 4.0) | 4.0 (0.6) (3.6; 4.4) | 4.1 (0.6) (3.4; 4.6) | 3.8 (0.7) (3.3; 4.4) |
Fatty preference score | 3.5 (0.8) (3.0; 4.0) | 4.0 (0.6) (3.6; 4.4) | 4.1 (0.6) (3.8; 4.6) | 3.8 (0.7) (3.3; 4.4) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
Female | 3490 (66.0) | 1584 (51.4) | 1896 (49.5) | 7242 (57.0) |
Overweight/obese | 2988 (56.5) | 857 (27.8) | 1046 (27.3) | 4891 (40.1) |
All countries | ||||
Cyprus | 1151 (21.8) | 691 (22.4) | 781 (20.4) | 2623 (21.5) |
Estonia | 761 (14.4) | 478 (15.5) | 580 (15.1) | 1819 (14.9) |
Germany | 834 (15.8) | 466 (15.1) | 550 (14.4) | 1850 (15.2) |
Hungary | 988 (18.7) | 434 (14.1) | 512 (13.4) | 1934 (15.8) |
Italy | 720 (13.6) | 589 (19.1) | 682 (17.8) | 1991 (16.3) |
Spain | 346 (6.5) | 168 (5.5) | 306 (8.0) | 820 (6.7) |
Sweden | 491 (9.3) | 256 (8.3) | 423 (11.0) | 1170 (9.6) |
Adults | Adolescents | Children | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sweet preference score category (range) | Sweet propensity score (mean (SD)) (n) | |||
1 (1–<2) | 13.7 (12.1) (109) | 17.7 (5.7) (6) | 23.6 (11.9) (12) | 14.8 (12.2) (127) |
2 (2–<3) | 15.3 (10.7) (1108) | 21.2 (11.3) (181) | 20.3 (9.7) (188) | 16.6 (10.9) (1477) |
3 (3–<-4) | 18.3 (11.3) (2785) | 23.1 (10.9) (1167) | 22.3 (10.1) (1169) | 20.3 (11.1) (5121) |
4 (4–≤5) | 21.1 (11.8) (1289) | 25.8 (11.0) (1728) | 23.5 (10.4) (2464) | 23.6 (11.0) (5481) |
β (95% CI) 1,2 p-value | 3.1 (2.7;3.5) p < 0.0001 | 3.0 (2.3;3.6) p < 0.0001 | 0.8 (0.3;1.2) p = 0.001 | 2.4 (2.1;2.7) p < 0.0001 |
Fatty preference score category (range) | Fat propensity score (mean (SD)) (n) | |||
1 (1–<2) | 15.7 (8.0) (185) | 16.8 (11.8) (6) | 27.7 (10.2) (14) | 16.5 (8.8) (205) |
2 (2–<3) | 19.7 (8.8) (1066) | 20.1 (9.3) (183) | 26.0 (9.2) (168) | 20.5 (9.1) (1417) |
3 (3–<4) | 22.3 (8.9) (2553) | 23.0 (8.8) (1156) | 26.7 (9.1) (1087) | 23.5 (9.1) (4796) |
4 (4–≤5) | 23.8 (9.1) (1487) | 26.1 (8.9) (1737) | 27.2 (8.7) (2565) | 26.0 (9.0) (5789) |
β (95% CI) 1,2 p-value | 2.3 (2.0;2.6) p < 0.0001 | 2.9 (2.4;3.4) p < 0.0001 | 0.5 (0.1;0.9) p = 0.02 | 2.0 (1.8;2.2) p < 0.0001 |
Adults | Adolescents | Children | |
---|---|---|---|
Sweet food consumption score β (95% CI) | |||
Male and Female | 3.1 (2.7;3.5) | 3.0 (2.3;3.6) | 0.8 (0.3;1.2) |
Male | 2.8 (2.0; 3.6) | 2.7 (1.8; 3.6) | 0.4 (−0.1; 1.3) |
Female | 3.1 (2.6; 3.6) | 3.2 (2.3; 4.2) | 0.8 (0.2; 1.5) |
Under-/normal weight | 3.2 (2.6; 3.9) | 2.7 (1.9; 3.5) | 0.6 (0.1; 1.2) |
Overweight/Obese | 2.9 (2.3; 3.4) | 3.4 (2.2; 4.7) | 1.0 (0.01; 2.0) |
Low/medium education level | 2.9 (2.3; 3.5) | 3.2 (2.3; 4.2) | 1.0 (0.3; 1.7) |
High education level | 3.1 (2.6; 3.7) | 2.6 (1.7; 3.6) | 0.6 (−0.0; 1.2) |
Fatty food consumption score β (95% CI) | |||
Male and Female | 2.3 (2.0;2.6) | 2.9 (2.4;3.4) | 0.5 (0.1;0.9) |
Male | 2.2 (1.7; 2.8) | 2.4 (1.6; 3.2) | 0.4 (−0.3; 1.0) |
Female | 2.2 (1.8; 2.5) | 3.2 (2.6; 4.0) | 0.7 (0.1; 1.2) |
Under-/normal weight | 2.6 (2.1; 3.0) | 3.0 (2.3; 3.6) | 0.7 (0.2; 1.1) |
Overweight/Obese | 1.9 (1.5; 2.3) | 2.8 (1.8; 3.9) | 0.4 (−0.5; 1.3) |
Low/medium education level | 2.3 (1.9; 2.8) | 2.8 (2.0; 3.5) | 0.4 (−0.2; 1.1) |
High education level | 2.1 (1.6; 2.5) | 3.1 (2.4; 3.9) | 0.5 (−0.0; 1.0) |
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Jilani, H.; Pohlabeln, H.; De Henauw, S.; Eiben, G.; Hunsberger, M.; Molnar, D.; Moreno, L.A.; Pala, V.; Russo, P.; Solea, A.; et al. Relative Validity of a Food and Beverage Preference Questionnaire to Characterize Taste Phenotypes in Children Adolescents and Adults. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071453
Jilani H, Pohlabeln H, De Henauw S, Eiben G, Hunsberger M, Molnar D, Moreno LA, Pala V, Russo P, Solea A, et al. Relative Validity of a Food and Beverage Preference Questionnaire to Characterize Taste Phenotypes in Children Adolescents and Adults. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7):1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071453
Chicago/Turabian StyleJilani, Hannah, Hermann Pohlabeln, Stefaan De Henauw, Gabriele Eiben, Monica Hunsberger, Dénes Molnar, Luis A. Moreno, Valeria Pala, Paola Russo, Antonia Solea, and et al. 2019. "Relative Validity of a Food and Beverage Preference Questionnaire to Characterize Taste Phenotypes in Children Adolescents and Adults" Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071453
APA StyleJilani, H., Pohlabeln, H., De Henauw, S., Eiben, G., Hunsberger, M., Molnar, D., Moreno, L. A., Pala, V., Russo, P., Solea, A., Veidebaum, T., Ahrens, W., Hebestreit, A., & IDEFICS and I.Family consortia, o. b. o. t. (2019). Relative Validity of a Food and Beverage Preference Questionnaire to Characterize Taste Phenotypes in Children Adolescents and Adults. Nutrients, 11(7), 1453. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071453