Urinary Sodium Excretion and Obesity Markers among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Pooled Data from Three Cohort Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. 24 h Urine Collection and Sodium Measurement
2.2. Obesity Marker Measurement
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analyses
2.5. Reproducibility and Sensitivity Analysis
2.6. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Urine Sodium and Conditional Mean of Obesity Markers
3.2. Urine Sodium and 90th Percentile Distribution of Obesity Markers
3.3. Urine Sodium and 10th Percentile Distribution of Obesity Markers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Participants (N: 1833) | Tertile 1 <118.63 mmol/24 h | Tertile 2 118.64–173.74 mmol/24 h | Tertile 3 >173.80 mmol/24 h and above |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, mean (95% CI *) | 42.37 (41.70, 43.04) | 43.64 (42.35, 44.93) | 41.72 (40.62, 42.83) | 41.75 (40.67, 42.83) |
Male sex, % (n) | 39.77 (729) | 39.93 (244) | 40.26 (246) | 39.12 (239) |
Weight in kg, mean (95% CI) | 53.95 (53.47, 54.44) | 51.66 (50.85, 52.47) | 53.61 (52.84, 54.39) | 56.58 (55.70, 57.46) |
Height in kg, mean (95% CI) | 155.85 (155.45, 156.24) | 154.73 (154.02, 155.44) | 155.89 (155.23, 156.55) | 156.91 (156.25, 157.57) |
Body mass index, mean (95% CI) | 22.24 (22.04, 22.44) | 21.71(21.29, 22.12) | 22.05 (21.77, 22.34) | 22.97 (22.66, 23.27) |
Waist circumference, mean (95% CI) | 80.04 (79.56, 80.52) | 78.31 (77.46, 79.16) | 79.64 (78.86, 80.42) | 82.17 (81.33, 83.01) |
Body fat percentage | 27.94 (26.99, 28.89) | 27.02 (25.60, 28.44) | 28.12 (26.23, 30.01) | 30.23 (28.64, 31.83) |
Visceral fat | 6.31 (5.77, 6.84) | 5.97 (5.17, 6.76) | 6.89 (5.86, 7.92) | 6.43 (5.41, 7.45) |
24 h urinary sodium in mmol/24 h, mean (95% CI) | 153.89 (150.71, 157.07) | 85.66 (83.66, 87.65) | 144.81 (143.62, 145.97) | 231.22 (226.93, 235.51) |
Volume of 24 h urine in L, mean (95% CI) | 2.16 (2.11, 2.21) | 1.58 (1.53, 1.64) | 2.29 (2.22, 2.36) | 2.60 (2.52, 2.69) |
WHO work-related physical activity ** % (n) | ||||
Sedentary | 30.39 (557) | 30.28 (185) | 33.06 (202) | 27.82 (170) |
Moderate | 47.52 (871) | 51.55 (315) | 45.17 (276) | 45.83 (280) |
Vigorous | 22.09 (405) | 18.17 (111) | 21.77 (133) | 26.35 (161) |
Hours of sleep, % (n) | ||||
<6 h | 18.49 (339) | 21.60 (132) | 16.37 (100) | 17.51 (107) |
≥6 to <9 h | 70.21 (1287) | 66.94 (409) | 73.32 (448) | 70.38 (430) |
≥9 h | 11.29 (207) | 11.46 (70) | 10.31 (63) | 12.11 (74) |
Smoking categories, % (n) | ||||
Never | 55.26 (1013) | 56.63 (346) | 52.70 (322) | 56.46 (345) |
Former | 11.02 (202) | 13.75 (84) | 9.82 (60) | 9.49 (58) |
Current | 33.72 (618) | 29.62 (181) | 37.48 (229) | 34.04 (208) |
Muslims, % (n) | 54.56 (1000) | 65.63 (401) | 50.08 (306) | 47.95 (293) |
Location, % (n) | ||||
Coastal | 85.11 (1560) | 76.43 (467) | 89.53 (547) | 89.36 (546) |
Non-coastal | 14.89 (273) | 23.57 (144) | 10.47 (64) | 10.64 (65) |
Alcohol, % (n) | ||||
Yes | 3.49(64) | 4.09 (25) | 3.60 (22) | 2.78 (17) |
No | 96.51 (1769) | 95.91(586) | 96.60 (589) | 97.22 (594) |
Asset quantile, % (n) | ||||
Lowest | 17.04 (312) | 16.39 (100) | 16.37 (100) | 18.36 (112) |
Second | 18.24 (334) | 18.69 (114) | 15.88 (97) | 20.16 (123) |
Third | 19.88 (364) | 20.66 (126) | 20.62 (126) | 18.36 (112) |
Fourth | 20.97 (384) | 21.31 (130) | 21.28 (130) | 20.33 (124) |
Highest | 23.87 (437) | 22.95 (140) | 25.86 (158) | 22.79 (139) |
Season, % (n) | ||||
Wet | 18.5 (1865) | |||
Dry | 81.5 (8211) | |||
Hypertension, % (n) | ||||
Yes | 15.22 (279) | 14.73 (90) | 15.71 (96) | 15.22 (93) |
No | 84.29 (1545) | 84.62 (517) | 83.80 (512) | 84.45 (516) |
Do not know | 0.49 (9) | 0.65 (4) | 0.49 (3) | 0.33 (2) |
Diabetes, % (n) | n = 1810 | n = 602 | n = 606 | |
Yes | 5.36 (97) | 5.81 (35) | 4.15 (25) | 6.11 (37) |
No | 93.92 (1700) | 93.52 (563) | 94.68 (570) | 93.56 (567) |
Do not know | 0.72 (13) | 0.66 (4) | 1.16 (7) | 0.33 (2) |
Any kidney disease, % (n) | n = 1830 | n = 610 | n = 610 | n = 610 |
Yes | 2.30 (42) | 2.13 (13) | 2.30 (14) | 2.46 (15) |
No | 96.12 (1759) | 95.57 (583) | 96.39 (588) | 96.39 (588) |
Do not know | 1.58 (29) | 2.30 (14) | 1.31 (8) | 1.15 (7) |
Any heart disease, % (n) | n = 1801 | n = 596 | n = 603 | n = 602 |
Yes | 4.44 (80) | 4.19 (25) | 4.31 (26) | 4.82 (29) |
No | 94.78 (1707) | 94.63 (564) | 94.86 (572) | 94.85 (571) |
Do not know | 0.78 (14) | 1.17 (7) | 0.83 (5) | 0.33 (2) |
Stroke, % (n) | n = 1801 | n = 596 | n = 603 | n = 602 |
Yes | 2.67 (48) | 2.52 (15) | 3.32 (20) | 2.16 (13) |
No | 97.22 (1751) | 97.32 (580) | 96.68 (583) | 97.67 (588) |
Do not know | 0.11 (2) | 0.17 (1) | - | 0.17 (1) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 78.9 | 78.3–79.4 | <0.001 | 77.9 | 72.7–83.1 | <0.001 | 77.9 | 72.7–83.1 | <0.001 | 77.2 | 72.2–82.3 | <0.001 | 77.2 | 72.2–82.3 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.0–0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | <0.001 |
Age (Years) | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (Male) | 0.4 | −0.2–0.9 | 0.17 | 0.4 | −0.1–1.0 | 0.14 | 0.3 | −0.3–0.8 | 0.33 | 0.3 | −0.3–0.8 | 0.33 | |||
Height (cms) | −0.4 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.4 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.3 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.3 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | |||
Weight (kg) | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | <0.001 | |||
Physical Exercise (Yes) | −0.2 | −0.3–−0.1 | <0.001 | −0.2 | −0.3–−0.1 | <0.001 | −0.2 | −0.3–−0.1 | <0.001 | ||||||
Sleep (Yes) | 0.0 | −0.2–0.2 | 0.76 | 0.0 | −0.2–0.2 | 0.76 | 0.0 | −0.2–0.2 | 0.77 | ||||||
Smoker (Yes) | 0.1 | −0.1–0.2 | 0.44 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | 0.01 | ||||||
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | −0.4 | −1.2–0.5 | 0.38 | −0.3 | −1.1–0.5 | 0.49 | −0.3 | −1.1–0.5 | 0.48 | ||||||
Religion (Islam) | 0.3 | −0.1–0.8 | 0.14 | 0.3 | −0.1–0.8 | 0.14 | |||||||||
Location (Coastal) | −2.3 | −2.8–−1.7 | <0.001 | −2.3 | −2.8–−1.7 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Asset Quintile | 0.0 | −0.1–0.2 | 0.90 | 0.0 | −0.1–0.2 | 0.90 | |||||||||
Season (Wet) | 0.5 | 0.3–0.7 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.3–0.7 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Hypertension | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.99 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.28 | ||||||||||||
Any kidney disease | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
Any heart disease | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.21 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.82 | ||||||||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||||||||
σ2 | 9.16 | 7.45 | 7.44 | 7.41 | 7.41 | ||||||||||
τ00 | 97.90 partID | 14.84 partID | 14.83 partID | 13.84 partID | 13.84 partID | ||||||||||
ICC | 0.91 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.65 | ||||||||||
N | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | ||||||||||
Observations | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | ||||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.000/0.915 | 0.797/0.932 | 0.797/0.932 | 0.805/0.932 | 0.806/0.932 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 22.2 | 22.0–22.4 | <0.001 | 22.8 | 22.3–23.3 | <0.001 | 23.3 | 22.7–23.8 | <0.001 | 22.5 | 21.8–23.3 | <0.001 | 22.5 | 21.8–23.3 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.1 | 0.0–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.1 | <0.001 |
Age (Years) | −0.0 | −0.0−0.0 | <0.001 | −0.0 | −0.0–−0.0 | <0.001 | −0.0 | −0.0–−0.0 | <0.001 | −0.0 | −0.0–−0.0 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (Male) | 0.0 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.79 | 0.1 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.49 | 0.1 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.50 | 0.1 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.50 | |||
Physical Exercise (Yes) | −0.1 | −0.1–−0.0 | <0.001 | −0.1 | −0.1–−0.0 | <0.001 | −0.1 | −0.1–−0.0 | <0.001 | ||||||
Sleep (Yes) | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.65 | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.65 | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.69 | ||||||
Smoker (Yes) | −0.2 | −0.2–−0.1 | <0.001 | −0.2 | −0.2–−0.1 | <0.001 | −0.2 | −0.2–−0.1 | <0.001 | ||||||
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | 0.2 | −0.1–0.4 | 0.28 | 0.2 | −0.1–0.4 | 0.24 | 0.2 | −0.1–0.4 | 0.24 | ||||||
Religion (Islam) | 0.4 | −0.0–0.8 | 0.06 | 0.4 | −0.0–0.8 | 0.06 | |||||||||
Location (Coastal) | −0.2 | −0.7–0.3 | 0.40 | −0.2 | −0.7–0.3 | 0.39 | |||||||||
Asset Quintile | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.1–0.3 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Season (Wet) | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.39 | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.33 | |||||||||
Hypertension | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.27 | ||||||||||||
Any kidney disease | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.21 | ||||||||||||
Any heart disease | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.97 | ||||||||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||||||||
σ2 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | ||||||||||
τ00 | 13.69 partID | 13.52 partID | 13.32 partID | 13.02 partID | 13.01 partID | ||||||||||
ICC | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.96 | ||||||||||
N | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | ||||||||||
Observations | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | ||||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.000/0.963 | 0.004/0.963 | 0.010/0.963 | 0.022/0.962 | 0.023/0.962 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 0.884 | 0.880–0.888 | <0.001 | 0.927 | 0.859–0.995 | <0.001 | 0.931 | 0.863–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.919 | 0.853–0.986 | <0.001 | 0.918 | 0.852–0.985 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.000 | −0.001–0.002 | 0.67 | −0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.91 | 0.000 | −0.001–0.002 | 0.64 | 0.001 | −0.000–0.002 | 0.17 | 0.001 | −0.000–0.002 | 0.14 |
Age (Years) | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (Male) | 0.040 | 0.033–0.048 | <0.001 | 0.044 | 0.037–0.051 | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.036–0.050 | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.036–0.050 | <0.001 | |||
Height (cms) | −0.002 | −0.003–−0.002 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.003–−0.002 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.003–−0.002 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.003–−0.002 | <0.001 | |||
Weight (kg) | 0.005 | 0.004–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.004–0.005 | <0.001 | |||
Physical Exercise (Yes) | −0.003 | −0.005–−0.002 | <0.001 | −0.003 | −0.004–−0.001 | <0.001 | −0.003 | −0.004–−0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Sleep (Yes) | −0.001 | −0.004–0.001 | 0.30 | −0.001 | −0.004–0.001 | 0.30 | −0.001 | −0.004–0.001 | 0.30 | ||||||
Smoker (Yes) | −0.003 | −0.005–−0.002 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.003–0.000 | 0.07 | −0.002 | −0.004–0.000 | 0.06 | ||||||
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | −0.008 | −0.019–0.003 | 0.14 | −0.006 | −0.017–0.005 | 0.26 | −0.007 | −0.017–0.004 | 0.21 | ||||||
Religion (Islam) | 0.010 | 0.004–0.016 | <0.001 | 0.010 | 0.004–0.016 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Location (Coastal) | −0.019 | −0.026–−0.011 | <0.001 | −0.019 | −0.026–−0.011 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Asset Quintile | 0.000 | −0.002–0.002 | 0.98 | 0.000 | −0.002–0.002 | 0.97 | |||||||||
Season (Wet) | 0.007 | 0.004–0.009 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.004–0.009 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Hypertension | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.84 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||
Any kidney disease | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||
Any heart disease | −0.001 | −0.001–−0.000 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | −0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.94 | ||||||||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||||||||
σ2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||
τ00 | 0.005 partID | 0.003 partID | 0.003 partID | 0.002 partID | 0.002 partID | ||||||||||
ICC | 0.801 | 0.695 | 0.694 | 0.685 | 0.686 | ||||||||||
N | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | ||||||||||
Observations | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | ||||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.000/0.801 | 0.403/0.818 | 0.402/0.817 | 0.419/0.817 | 0.420/0.818 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 0.507 | 0.503–0.511 | <0.001 | 0.206 | 0.194–0.218 | <0.001 | 0.209 | 0.196–0.221 | <0.001 | 0.224 | 0.211–0.238 | <0.001 | 0.224 | 0.211–0.238 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.001 | 0.001–0.002 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000–0.002 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000–0.002 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.002 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.002 | <0.001 |
Age (Years) | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (Male) | −0.044 | −0.048–−0.040 | <0.001 | −0.044 | −0.048–−0.040 | <0.001 | −0.044 | −0.048–−0.040 | <0.001 | −0.044 | −0.048–−0.040 | <0.001 | |||
Weight in kg | 0.005 | 0.005–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.005–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.005–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.005–0.005 | <0.001 | |||
Physical Exercise (Yes) | −0.002 | −0.002–−0.001 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.002–−0.001 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.002–−0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Sleep (Yes) | −0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.96 | −0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.98 | −0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.97 | ||||||
Smoker (Yes) | 0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.92 | 0.001 | −0.000–0.002 | 0.09 | 0.001 | −0.000–0.002 | 0.09 | ||||||
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | −0.002 | −0.008–0.005 | 0.59 | −0.001 | −0.007–0.005 | 0.77 | −0.001 | −0.007–0.005 | 0.74 | ||||||
Religion (Islam) | 0.003 | −0.001–0.008 | 0.14 | 0.003 | −0.001–0.008 | 0.14 | |||||||||
Location (Coastal) | −0.022 | −0.027–−0.016 | <0.001 | −0.022 | −0.027–−0.016 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Asset Quintile | −0.001 | −0.002–0.000 | 0.17 | −0.001 | −0.002–0.000 | 0.17 | |||||||||
Season (Wet) | 0.003 | 0.002–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002–0.005 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Hypertension | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.91 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.40 | ||||||||||||
Any kidney disease | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.29 | ||||||||||||
Any heart disease | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.87 | ||||||||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||||||||
σ2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||||||
τ00 | 0.004 partID | 0.002 partID | 0.002 partID | 0.002 partID | 0.002 partID | ||||||||||
ICC | 0.914 | 0.834 | 0.834 | 0.826 | 0.826 | ||||||||||
N | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | ||||||||||
Observations | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | ||||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.000/0.914 | 0.590/0.932 | 0.590/0.932 | 0.607/0.932 | 0.607/0.932 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 28.1 | 27.4–28.8 | <0.001 | 54.9 | 48.5–61.3 | <0.001 | 54.9 | 48.5–61.2 | <0.001 | 55.8 | 49.3–62.2 | <0.001 | 55.9 | 49.4–62.3 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.3 | 0.1–0.6 | 0.01 | 0.2 | −0.1–0.4 | 0.19 | 0.2 | −0.1–0.4 | 0.20 | 0.1 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.54 | 0.1 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.53 |
Age (Years) | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.1–0.1 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (Male) | −9.0 | −9.7–−8.3 | <0.001 | −8.9 | −9.7–−8.2 | <0.001 | −8.9 | −9.6–−8.2 | <0.001 | −8.8 | −9.6–−8.1 | <0.001 | |||
Height (cms) | −0.4 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.4 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.4 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.4 | −0.4–−0.3 | <0.001 | |||
Weight (kg) | 0.5 | 0.5–0.6 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.5–0.6 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.5–0.6 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.5–0.6 | <0.001 | |||
Physical Exercise | 0.1 | −0.1–0.3 | 0.23 | 0.0 | −0.2–0.2 | 0.71 | 0.0 | −0.2–0.2 | 0.75 | ||||||
Sleep | −0.3 | −0.6–0.0 | 0.08 | −0.3 | −0.7–0.0 | 0.05 | −0.3 | −0.7–0.0 | 0.05 | ||||||
Smoker | −0.3 | −0.6–0.1 | 0.10 | −0.3 | −0.7–0.0 | 0.05 | −0.3 | −0.7–0.0 | 0.05 | ||||||
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | 2.7 | 1.3–4.2 | <0.001 | 2.4 | 0.9–3.9 | <0.001 | 2.3 | 0.8–3.7 | <0.001 | ||||||
Religion (Islam) | −0.6 | −1.1–−0.0 | 0.05 | −0.6 | −1.2–−0.0 | 0.04 | |||||||||
Location (Coastal) | −0.3 | −0.8–0.3 | 0.36 | −0.3 | −0.8–0.3 | 0.32 | |||||||||
Asset Quintile | −0.1 | −0.2–0.1 | 0.39 | −0.1 | −0.2–0.1 | 0.40 | |||||||||
Season (Wet) | −0.7 | −1.0–−0.5 | <0.001 | −0.7 | −1.0–−0.4 | <0.001 | |||||||||
Hypertension | −0.0 | −0.0–−0.0 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.44 | ||||||||||||
Any kidney disease | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.31 | ||||||||||||
Any heart disease | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.87 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.89 | ||||||||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||||||||
σ2 | 12.13 | 11.65 | 11.61 | 11.44 | 11.41 | ||||||||||
τ00 | 54.39 partID | 5.53 partID | 5.42 partID | 5.52 partID | 5.59 partID | ||||||||||
ICC | 0.82 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.33 | ||||||||||
N | 591 partID | 591 partID | 591 partID | 591 partID | 591 partID | ||||||||||
Observations | 2951 | 2951 | 2951 | 2951 | 2951 | ||||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.001/0.818 | 0.738/0.822 | 0.740/0.823 | 0.741/0.826 | 0.741/0.826 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 6.5 | 6.1–6.8 | <0.001 | 26.6 | 24.1–29.0 | <0.001 | 26.4 | 24.0–28.8 | <0.001 | 26.1 | 23.7–28.5 | <0.001 | 26.1 | 23.7–28.5 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.1 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.15 | −0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.87 | −0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.89 | −0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.90 | −0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.90 |
Age (Years) | 0.0 | 0.0–0.0 | <0.001 | 0.0 | 0.0–0.0 | <0.001 | 0.0 | 0.0–0.0 | <0.001 | 0.0 | 0.0–0.0 | <0.001 | |||
Sex (Male) | 2.0 | 1.8–2.3 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.7–2.3 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.7–2.3 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 1.7–2.3 | <0.001 | |||
Height (cms) | −0.3 | −0.3–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.3 | −0.3–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.3 | −0.3–−0.3 | <0.001 | −0.3 | −0.3–−0.3 | <0.001 | |||
Weight (kg) | 0.4 | 0.4–0.4 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.4–0.4 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.4–0.4 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.4–0.4 | <0.001 | |||
Physical Exercise | −0.0 | −0.1–0.0 | 0.39 | −0.0 | −0.1–0.0 | 0.30 | −0.0 | −0.1–0.0 | 0.32 | ||||||
Sleep | 0.1 | −0.0–0.2 | 0.14 | 0.1 | −0.0–0.2 | 0.15 | 0.1 | −0.0–0.2 | 0.14 | ||||||
Smoker | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.46 | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.54 | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.56 | ||||||
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | 0.7 | 0.3–1.1 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.0 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.1 | <0.001 | ||||||
Religion (Islam) | 0.0 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.71 | 0.0 | −0.2–0.3 | 0.70 | |||||||||
Location (Coastal) | −0.2 | −0.4–0.0 | 0.11 | −0.2 | −0.4–0.0 | 0.10 | |||||||||
Asset Quintile | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.31 | 0.0 | −0.0–0.1 | 0.32 | |||||||||
Season (Wet) | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 1.00 | 0.0 | −0.1–0.1 | 0.84 | |||||||||
Hypertension | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.96 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.53 | ||||||||||||
Any kidney disease | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.83 | ||||||||||||
Any heart disease | 0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.54 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | −0.0 | −0.0–0.0 | 0.66 | ||||||||||||
Random Effects | |||||||||||||||
σ2 | 1.04 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | ||||||||||
τ00 | 16.72 partID | 1.02 partID | 1.00 partID | 1.00 partID | 1.00 partID | ||||||||||
ICC | 0.94 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | ||||||||||
N | 591 partID | 591 partID | 591 partID | 591 partID | 591 partID | ||||||||||
Observations | 2951 | 2951 | 2951 | 2951 | 2951 | ||||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.000/0.941 | 0.904/0.961 | 0.905/0.961 | 0.905/0.961 | 0.905/0.961 |
Waist Circumference in cms | BMI | Waist-to-Hip Ratio | Waist-to-Height Ratio | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 79.413 | 72.977–85.849 | <0.001 | 21.317 | 20.292–22.342 | <0.001 | 0.996 | 0.918–1.075 | <0.001 | 0.241 | 0.224–0.258 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.229 | 0.027–0.432 | 0.027 | 0.585 | 0.388–0.782 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0–0.006 | 0.024 | −0.001 | −0.003–0.001 | 0.496 |
Age (Years) | 0.09 | 0.045–0.136 | <0.001 | −0.003 | −0.025–0.018 | 0.771 | 0.002 | 0.001–0.003 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.002 | <0.001 |
Sex (Male) | 0.498 | −0.124–1.119 | 0.116 | −0.394 | −0.797–0.009 | 0.055 | 0.052 | 0.044–0.06 | <0.001 | −0.056 | −0.062–0.05 | <0.001 |
Height (cms) | −0.325 | −0.372–0.278 | <0.001 | − | − | − | 0.006 | 0–0.012 | 0.05 | − | − | − |
Weight (kg) | 0.96 | 0.893–1.027 | <0.001 | − | − | − | 0.002 | 0.001–0.004 | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.005–0.006 | <0.001 |
Physical Exercise | −0.438 | −0.652–0.225 | <0.001 | −0.118 | −0.295–0.06 | 0.193 | −0.007 | −0.01–0.003 | <0.001 | −0.005 | −0.007–0.002 | <0.001 |
Sleep | 0.007 | −0.372–0.387 | 0.969 | 0.4 | 0.111–0.69 | 0.007 | −0.003 | −0.008–0.002 | 0.264 | 0.002 | −0.002–0.006 | 0.261 |
Smoker | 0.181 | −0.049–0.411 | 0.122 | −0.349 | −0.542–0.156 | <0.001 | 0 | −0.003–0.003 | 0.933 | 0.002 | −0.001–0.004 | 0.125 |
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | −0.064 | −1.154–1.027 | 0.909 | 0.36 | −0.794–1.515 | 0.539 | 0.003 | −0.011–0.018 | 0.674 | 0 | −0.012–0.012 | 0.987 |
Religion (Islam) | 0.079 | −0.454–0.612 | 0.77 | 0.338 | −0.129–0.806 | 0.156 | 0.009 | 0.002–0.015 | 0.009 | 0.001 | −0.004–0.006 | 0.674 |
Location (Coastal) | −2.544 | −3.154–1.934 | <0.001 | −0.177 | −0.77–0.415 | 0.556 | −0.019 | −0.027–0.012 | <0.001 | −0.024 | −0.03–0.018 | <0.001 |
Asset Quintile | −0.022 | −0.206–0.163 | 0.817 | 0.665 | 0.498–0.832 | <0.001 | 0 | −0.003–0.002 | 0.826 | −0.001 | −0.003–0 | 0.128 |
Season (Wet) | 0.446 | 0.186–0.707 | 0.001 | 0.356 | 0.179–0.532 | <0.001 | 0.011 | 0.008–0.014 | <0.001 | 0.002 | −0.001–0.005 | 0.123 |
Hypertension | 0 | −0.067–0.067 | 0.995 | −0.004 | −0.023–0.015 | 0.652 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.958 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.279 |
Diabetes | 0.009 | −0.027–0.045 | 0.627 | 0.001 | −0.01–0.011 | 0.879 | 0 | −0.001–0 | 0.519 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.793 |
Any kidney disease | −0.006 | −0.045–0.033 | 0.761 | −0.002 | −0.011–0.006 | 0.576 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.761 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.234 |
Any heart disease | −0.027 | −0.202–0.148 | 0.764 | −0.009 | −0.292–0.274 | 0.95 | −0.001 | −0.004–0.003 | 0.799 | 0 | −0.002–0.002 | 0.784 |
Stroke | −0.026 | −0.498–0.446 | 0.915 | −0.018 | −0.588–0.553 | 0.952 | 0 | −0.009–0.009 | 0.995 | 0 | −0.004–0.004 | 0.98 |
Random Effects | ||||||||||||
σ2 | 20.68 | 3.28 | 0.024 | 7.41 | ||||||||
τ00 | 4.13 partID | 4.30 partID | 1.00 partID | 1.00 partID | ||||||||
ICC | 0.17 | 0.57 | 0.97 | 0.99 | ||||||||
N | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | ||||||||
Observations | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 |
Body Fat % | Visceral Fat % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
Intercept | 55.041 | 47.137–62.945 | <0.001 | 26.225 | 23.112–29.337 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.187 | −0.012–0.386 | 0.065 | −0.036 | −0.117–0.044 | 0.374 |
Age (Years) | 0.115 | 0.098–0.132 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.031–0.049 | <0.001 |
Sex (Male) | −8.862 | −9.772–7.952 | <0.001 | 1.804 | 1.488–2.12 | <0.001 |
Height (cms) | −0.354 | −0.406–0.302 | <0.001 | −0.293 | −0.319–0.268 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 0.538 | 0.508–0.567 | <0.001 | 0.442 | 0.418–0.466 | <0.001 |
Physical Exercise | 0.146 | −0.099–0.39 | 0.242 | −0.022 | −0.105–0.061 | 0.605 |
Sleep | −0.278 | −0.638–0.082 | 0.13 | 0.032 | −0.094–0.157 | 0.617 |
Smoker | −0.417 | −0.934–0.099 | 0.113 | 0.265 | 0.079–0.451 | 0.005 |
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | 2.223 | −4.254–8.7 | 0.5 | 1.01 | −0.118–2.138 | 0.079 |
Religion (Islam) | −0.398 | −0.917–0.12 | 0.132 | 0 | −0.215–0.215 | 1 |
Location (Coastal) | −0.125 | −0.599–0.349 | 0.603 | −0.173 | −0.4–0.054 | 0.134 |
Asset Quintile | −0.071 | −0.191–0.05 | 0.25 | 0.021 | −0.028–0.07 | 0.397 |
Season (Wet) | −0.641 | −0.903–0.378 | <0.001 | 0.01 | −0.071–0.091 | 0.811 |
Hypertension | −0.009 | −0.02–0.001 | 0.09 | 0.002 | −0.002–0.006 | 0.427 |
Diabetes | 0.001 | −0.004–0.006 | 0.705 | 0.001 | −0.003–0.005 | 0.574 |
Any kidney disease | 0.002 | −0.002–0.005 | 0.426 | 0 | −0.003–0.003 | 0.978 |
Any heart disease | 0.011 | −0.197–0.218 | 0.919 | 0.001 | −0.061–0.063 | 0.974 |
Stroke | 0.012 | −0.471–0.495 | 0.962 | −0.008 | −0.137–0.122 | 0.907 |
Random Effects | ||||||
σ2 | 13.1 | 1.34 | ||||
τ00 | 1.0 partID | 1.0 partID | ||||
ICC | 0.07 | 0.43 | ||||
N | 591 partID | 591 partID | ||||
Observations | 2951 | 2951 |
Waist Circumference in cms | BMI | Waist-to-Hip Ratio | Waist-to-Height Ratio | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 79.403 | 72.967–85.838 | <0.001 | 21.194 | 20.167–22.222 | <0.001 | 0.996 | 0.917–1.074 | <0.001 | 0.241 | 0.224–0.258 | 0<0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.181 | −0.033–0.396 | 0.098 | 0.385 | 0.229–0.541 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0–0.005 | 0.051 | −0.001 | −0.003–0.001 | 0.293 |
Age (Years) | 0.09 | 0.063–0.118 | <0.001 | −0.04 | −0.054-−0.026 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.002 | <0.001 |
Sex (Male) | 0.59 | −0.039–1.219 | 0.066 | −0.35 | −0.738–0.038 | 0.077 | 0.053 | 0.045–0.061 | <0.001 | −0.056 | −0.062-−0.05 | <0.001 |
Height (cms) | −0.369 | −0.42-−0.319 | <0.001 | - | - | - | −0.003 | −0.005-−0.001 | 0.009 | - | - | - |
Weight (kg) | 0.967 | 0.905–1.028 | <0.001 | - | - | - | 0.004 | 0.004–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.005–0.006 | <0.001 |
Physical Exercise | −0.41 | −0.624-−0.195 | <0.001 | −0.148 | −0.32–0.023 | 0.09 | −0.006 | −0.009-−0.003 | <0.001 | −0.005 | −0.007-−0.002 | <0.001 |
Sleep | 0.013 | −0.366–0.391 | 0.947 | 0.295 | 0.011–0.579 | 0.042 | −0.003 | −0.008–0.002 | 0.206 | 0.002 | −0.002–0.006 | 0.368 |
Smoker | 0.19 | −0.036–0.416 | 0.1 | −0.343 | −0.522-−0.164 | <0.001 | 0.001 | −0.002–0.004 | 0.686 | 0.002 | −0.001–0.004 | 0.124 |
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | −0.056 | −1.147–1.034 | 0.919 | 0.351 | −0.805–1.506 | 0.551 | 0.003 | −0.011–0.018 | 0.667 | 0 | −0.012–0.012 | 0.987 |
Religion (Islam) | 0.102 | −0.431–0.635 | 0.706 | 0.202 | −0.245–0.65 | 0.374 | 0.008 | 0.002–0.015 | 0.012 | 0.001 | −0.004–0.006 | 0.681 |
Location (Coastal) | −2.63 | −3.235-−2.025 | <0.001 | −0.187 | −0.767–0.393 | 0.525 | −0.02 | −0.027-−0.012 | <0.001 | −0.024 | −0.03-−0.018 | <0.001 |
Asset Quintile | −0.076 | −0.236–0.085 | 0.355 | 0.332 | 0.199–0.466 | <0.001 | −0.001 | −0.003–0.002 | 0.591 | −0.002 | −0.003–0 | 0.049 |
Season (Wet) | 0.471 | 0.211–0.731 | <0.001 | 0.295 | 0.118–0.472 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.008–0.014 | <0.001 | 0.002 | −0.001–0.005 | 0.13 |
Hypertension | −0.001 | −0.057–0.056 | 0.975 | −0.002 | −0.013–0.009 | 0.709 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.402 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.429 |
Diabetes | 0.006 | −0.025–0.036 | 0.712 | −0.003 | −0.009–0.002 | 0.264 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.251 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.676 |
Any kidney disease | −0.005 | −0.023–0.013 | 0.57 | −0.001 | −0.006–0.004 | 0.696 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.739 | 0 | 0–0 | 0.668 |
Any heart disease | −0.024 | −0.194–0.146 | 0.785 | 0.006 | −0.278–0.29 | 0.965 | 0 | −0.004–0.004 | 0.815 | 0 | −0.002–0.002 | 0.961 |
Stroke | −0.006 | −0.485–0.473 | 0.981 | 0.018 | −0.55–0.585 | 0.952 | 0 | −0.009–0.009 | 0.982 | 0 | −0.004–0.004 | 0.972 |
Random Effects | ||||||||||||
σ2 | 17.21 | 2.24 | 0.01 | 0.005 | ||||||||
τ00 | 3.52 partID | 3.18 partID | 1.00 partID | 1.00 partID | ||||||||
ICC | 0.17 | 0.59 | 0.99 | 0.99 | ||||||||
N | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | 1440 partID | ||||||||
Observations | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 | 8820 |
Body Fat % | Visceral Fat % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 55.041 | 47.137−62.945 | <0.001 | 26.225 | 23.112−29.337 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.19 | −0.009−0.389 | 0.061 | −0.036 | −0.117−0.044 | 0.373 |
Age (Years) | 0.093 | 0.065−0.121 | <0.001 | 0.036 | 0.03−0.042 | <0.001 |
Sex (Male) | −8.868 | −9.779-−7.956 | <0.001 | 1.804 | 1.488−2.12 | <0.001 |
Height (cms) | −0.381 | −0.435-−0.326 | <0.001 | −0.3 | −0.325-−0.274 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 0.557 | 0.523−0.591 | <0.001 | 0.428 | 0.409−0.446 | <0.001 |
Physical Exercise | 0.149 | −0.094−0.393 | 0.228 | −0.021 | −0.105−0.062 | 0.617 |
Sleep | −0.282 | −0.644−0.079 | 0.125 | 0.032 | −0.093−0.157 | 0.616 |
Smoker | −0.427 | −0.942−0.088 | 0.104 | 0.265 | 0.079−0.451 | 0.005 |
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | 2.218 | −4.255−8.691 | 0.5 | 1.01 | −0.118−2.138 | 0.079 |
Religion (Islam) | −0.396 | −0.913−0.122 | 0.134 | 0 | −0.215−0.215 | 0.999 |
Location (Coastal) | −0.128 | −0.603−0.346 | 0.595 | −0.173 | −0.4−0.054 | 0.134 |
Asset Quintile | −0.068 | −0.191−0.055 | 0.278 | 0.02 | −0.029−0.068 | 0.421 |
Season (Wet) | −0.647 | −0.909-−0.385 | <0.001 | 0.009 | −0.072−0.09 | 0.829 |
Hypertension | −0.007 | −0.039−0.025 | 0.667 | 0.001 | −0.003−0.005 | 0.489 |
Diabetes | −0.008 | −0.024−0.008 | 0.319 | −0.001 | −0.004−0.002 | 0.584 |
Any kidney disease | 0.003 | −0.007−0.013 | 0.562 | −0.001 | −0.003−0.002 | 0.575 |
Any heart disease | 0.013 | −0.196−0.222 | 0.902 | 0 | −0.062−0.061 | 0.993 |
Stroke | 0.013 | −0.471−0.497 | 0.959 | −0.007 | −0.137−0.122 | 0.913 |
Random Effects | ||||||
σ2 | 19.0 | 1.16 | ||||
τ00 | 1.34 partID | 1.0 partID | ||||
ICC | 0.07 | 0.54 | ||||
N | 591 partID | 591 partID | ||||
Observations | 2951 | 2951 |
Waist Circumference in cms | BMI | Waist-to-Hip Ratio | Waist-to-Height Ratio | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value | Estimates | 95% CI | p-Value |
(Intercept) | 77.001 | 71.690–82.312 | <0.001 | 22.400 | 21.581–23.220 | <0.001 | 0.928 | 0.858–0.998 | <0.001 | 0.229 | 0.215–0.243 | <0.001 |
Sodium (100 mmol) | 0.226 | 0.100–0.353 | <0.001 | 0.099 | 0.065–0.133 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000–0.003 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.002 | <0.001 |
Age (Years) | 0.092 | 0.077–0.107 | <0.001 | −0.025 | −0.036–−0.014 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001–0.001 | <0.001 |
Sex (Male) | 0.201 | −0.370–0.773 | 0.49 | −0.040 | −0.298–0.218 | 0.76 | 0.044 | 0.036–0.051 | <0.001 | −0.045 | −0.049–−0.041 | <0.001 |
Height (cms) | −0.348 | −0.384–−0.312 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.003–−0.002 | <0.001 | ||||||
Weight (kg) | 0.987 | 0.964–1.009 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.004–0.005 | <0.001 | 0.005 | 0.005–0.005 | <0.001 | |||
Physical Exercise | −0.202 | −0.345–−0.059 | 0.01 | −0.058 | −0.099–−0.017 | 0.01 | −0.003 | −0.005–−0.001 | <0.001 | −0.002 | −0.003–−0.001 | <0.001 |
Sleep | 0.193 | −0.045–0.430 | 0.11 | −0.009 | −0.081–0.063 | 0.81 | −0.000 | −0.003–0.003 | 0.92 | 0.001 | −0.000–0.003 | 0.15 |
Smoker | 0.252 | 0.091–0.412 | <0.001 | −0.171 | −0.221–−0.121 | <0.001 | −0.001 | −0.003–0.001 | 0.41 | 0.001 | −0.000–0.002 | 0.10 |
Drink Alcohol (Yes) | −0.345 | −1.292–0.601 | 0.47 | 0.237 | −0.087–0.562 | 0.15 | −0.008 | −0.020–0.004 | 0.22 | −0.002 | −0.009–0.006 | 0.66 |
Religion (Islam) | 0.308 | −0.141–0.757 | 0.18 | 0.364 | −0.044–0.772 | 0.08 | 0.010 | 0.004–0.016 | <0.001 | 0.003 | −0.001–0.008 | 0.17 |
Location (Coastal) | −2.203 | −2.804–−1.603 | <0.001 | −0.118 | −0.645–0.410 | 0.66 | −0.018 | −0.026–−0.010 | <0.001 | −0.020 | −0.026–−0.015 | <0.001 |
Asset Quintile | 0.015 | −0.130–0.160 | 0.84 | 0.255 | 0.153–0.358 | <0.001 | 0.000 | −0.002–0.002 | 0.76 | −0.001 | −0.002–0.000 | 0.15 |
Season (Wet) | 0.420 | 0.172–0.669 | <0.001 | 0.061 | −0.004–0.126 | 0.06 | 0.008 | 0.005–0.011 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001–0.004 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | −0.000 | −0.017–0.017 | 0.97 | −0.003 | −0.007–0.002 | 0.24 | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.88 | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.88 |
Diabetes | 0.005 | −0.008–0.017 | 0.46 | 0.001 | −0.002–0.004 | 0.59 | 0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.45 | 0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.65 |
Any kidney disease | −0.006 | −0.017–0.005 | 0.28 | 0.000 | −0.003–0.003 | 0.98 | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.31 | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.45 |
Any heart disease | −0.014 | −0.036–0.008 | 0.20 | 0.003 | −0.003–0.008 | 0.35 | −0.001 | −0.001–−0.000 | <0.001 | −0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.19 |
Stroke | −0.002 | −0.047–0.042 | 0.92 | 0.001 | −0.011–0.013 | 0.87 | −0.000 | −0.001–0.001 | 0.99 | 0.000 | −0.000–0.000 | 0.99 |
Random Effects | ||||||||||||
σ2 | 7.856 | 0.515 | 0.001 | 0.000 | ||||||||
τ00 | 13.589 partID | 12.832 partID | 0.002 partID | 0.001 partID | ||||||||
ICC | 0.634 | 0.961 | 0.678 | 0.814 | ||||||||
N | 1402 partID | 1402 partID | 1402 partID | 1402 partID | ||||||||
Observations | 7221 | 7221 | 7221 | 7221 | ||||||||
Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.796/0.925 | 0.027/0.962 | 0.398/0.806 | 0.584/0.923 |
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Rahman, M.J.; Parvez, S.M.; Rahman, M.; He, F.J.; Cunningham, S.A.; Narayan, K.M.V.; Abedin, J.; Naser, A.M. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Obesity Markers among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Pooled Data from Three Cohort Studies. Nutrients 2022, 14, 3000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14143000
Rahman MJ, Parvez SM, Rahman M, He FJ, Cunningham SA, Narayan KMV, Abedin J, Naser AM. Urinary Sodium Excretion and Obesity Markers among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Pooled Data from Three Cohort Studies. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):3000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14143000
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Musarrat J., Sarker M. Parvez, Mahbubur Rahman, Feng J. He, Solveig A. Cunningham, K. M. Venkat Narayan, Jaynal Abedin, and Abu Mohd Naser. 2022. "Urinary Sodium Excretion and Obesity Markers among Bangladeshi Adult Population: Pooled Data from Three Cohort Studies" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 3000. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14143000