Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Sample Collection
2.2. Diet and Healthy Eating Index Assessment
2.3. Microbiome Data
2.3.1. Bacterial DNA Extraction and Next-Generation Sequencing
2.3.2. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Microbiome Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | BCa Cases (N = 42) | Controls (N = 44) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic Characteristics | |||
Age at enrollment, mean (SD), yr | 60.3 (11.3) | 58.5 (12.6) | 0.49 |
Race, No. (%) | |||
White | 40 (95.2) | 41 (93.2) | 0.68 |
Non-White | 2 (4.8) | 3 (6.8) | |
BMI (kg/m2) at enrollment, mean (SD) continuous variable | 28.1 (6.2) | 25.1 (5.6) | 0.02 |
Family history of BCa, No. (%) | 0.95 | ||
Yes | 15 (35.7) | 16 (36.4) | |
No | 27 (64.3) | 28 (63.6) | |
Ever full-term live birth, No. (%) | 0.97 | ||
Yes | 30 (71.4) | 28 (71.8) | |
No | 12 (28.6) | 11 (28.2) | |
Missing | 0 | 5 | |
Menopausal status, No. (%) | 0.90 | ||
Premenopausal | 10 (23.8) | 11 (25.0) | |
Post/peri-menopausal | 32 (76.2) | 33 (75.0) | |
Age at menarche, No. (%) | 0.83 | ||
≤11 years old | 10 (23.8) | 9 (20.5) | |
12–14 years old | 26 (61.9) | 30 (68.2) | |
≥15 years old | 6 (14.3) | 5 (11.4) | |
Marital Status, No. (%) | 0.25 | ||
Married/Living as married | 27 (64.3) | 29 (65.9) | |
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 13 (31.0) | 9 (20.5) | |
Single, never married | 2 (4.8) | 6 (13.6) | |
Employment Status, No. (%) | 0.13 | ||
Employed/self-employed | 20 (47.6) | 28 (63.6) | |
Unemployed/Disabled/Retired/Homemaker | 22 (52.4) | 16 (36.4) |
Variable | BCa Cases (N = 42) | Controls (N = 44) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Life Style Characteristics | |||
Total dietary energy intake (kcal/day) | 1664.9 (752.8) | 1521.5 (590.8) | 0.33 |
Total energy expended from recreational physical activity (MET-minutes/week) | 2093.9 (1247.1) | 2728.4 (1274.4) | 0.02 |
Ever Smoked 100 cigarettes in life | 0.95 | ||
Yes | 15 (35.7) | 16 (36.4) | |
No | 27 (64.3) | 28 (63.6) | |
Alcohol, No. (%) | 0.45 | ||
Current drinkers | 36 (85.7) | 34 (77.3) | |
Past drinkers | 3 (7.1) | 7 (15.9) | |
Never drinkers | 3 (7.1) | 3 (6.8) | |
Missing | |||
Sleep Quality Score, No. (%) | 0.58 | ||
11–14 | 13 (31.0) | 10 (22.7) | |
15–16 | 15 (35.7) | 15 (34.1) | |
17–18 | 14 (33.3) | 19 (43.2) | |
Ever used hormone therapy, No. (%) | 0.29 | ||
Yes | 24 (57.1) | 30 (68.2) | |
No | 18 (42.9) | 14 (31.8) | |
Regular (at least once a week) Probiotic product use, No. (%) | 0.52 | ||
Yes | 21 (50.0) | 19 (43.2) | |
No | 21 (50.0) | 25 (56.8) | |
Feeling downhearted and blue in the past year, No. (%) | 0.02 | ||
All/most of the time | 8 (19.1) | 2 (4.6) | |
Some of the time | 19 (45.2) | 13 (29.6) | |
A little of the time | 11 (26.2) | 19 (43.2) | |
None of the time | 4 (9.5) | 10 (22.7) | |
Feeling downhearted and blue around age 25, No. (%) | 0.01 | ||
All/most of the time | 2 (5.0) | 4 (9.1) | |
Some of the time | 9 (22.5) | 12 (27.3) | |
A little of the time | 17 (42.5) | 15 (34.1) | |
None of the time | 12 (30.0) | 13 (27.3) | |
Don’t know | 2 | 0 |
Alpha Diversity | Cases | Controls | p-Value (Unadjusted) ANOVA | p-Value (Adjusted BMI) ANOVA | Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test with Continuity Correction p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phylum Level | |||||
Observed | 198.57 (52.14) | 228.73 (68.94) | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.045 |
Shannon | 3.91 (0.40) | 4.13 (0.42) | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.013 |
Inverse Simpson | 25.97 (11.18) | 34.22 (15.47) | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.007 |
Pielou | 0.74 (0.06) | 0.77 (0.04) | 0.030 | 0.028 | 0.009 |
Case-Control | Sample Size | Permutations | pseudo_F | p-Value | q-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jaccard-significance | 86 | 999 | 1.261412 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
Bray-Curtis-significance | 86 | 999 | 1.121184 | 0.23 | 0.23 |
Healthy Eating Index 2015 | Min-Max Score | Case-Control Status | Acidaminococus | Hungatella | Tyzzerella | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases (n = 39) | Controls (n = 44) | p Value | Positive (n = 14) | Negative (n = 69) | p Value | Positive (n = 18) | Negative (n = 65) | p Value | Positive (n = 24) | Negative (n = 59) | p Value | ||
Adequacy | |||||||||||||
Total vegetable score | 0–5 | 5.00 (0.60) | 4.90 (1.13) | 0.25 | 5.00 (1.40) | 5.00 (0.59) | 0.989 | 5.00 (0.00) | 4.88 (1.20) | 0.024 | 5.00 (0.63) | 5.00 (1.19) | 0.282 |
Greens and beans score | 0–5 | 5.00 (0.00) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.83 | 5.00 (3.05) | 5.00 (0) | 0.055 | 5.00 (0.00) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.73 | 5.00 (0.00) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.941 |
Total fruits score | 0–5 | 5.00 (2.61) | 5.00 (0.59) | 0.23 | 5.00 (4.10) | 5.00 (1.35) | 0.06 | 5.00 (1.35) | 5.00 (2.01) | 0.749 | 5.00 (1.05) | 5.00 (2.01) | 0.417 |
Whole fruits score | 0–5 | 5.00 (1.40) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.10 | 4.50 (3.31) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.005 | 5.00 (0.00) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.573 | 5.00 (0.55) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.795 |
Whole grains score | 0–10 | 2.68 (2.32) | 3.45 (2.96) | 0.25 | 2.76 (3.89) | 3.15 (2.41) | 0.507 | 2.60 (2.33) | 3.15 (2.43) | 0.973 | 2.31 (3.12) | 3.15 (2.48) | 0.563 |
Dairy score | 0–10 | 5.88 (4.52) | 6.97 (4.70) | 0.27 | 5.73 (5.49) | 6.60 (4.25) | 0.22 | 4.99 (4.22) | 6.60 (4.31) | 0.029 | 5.39 (4.99) | 7.01 (3.72) | 0.084 |
Total protein food score | 0–5 | 5.00 (0.72) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.29 | 5.00 (1.02) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.511 | 5.00 (1.02) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.207 | 5.00 (0.33) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.702 |
Seafood and plant proteins score | 0–5 | 5.00 (0.21) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.35 | 5.00 (0.15) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.679 | 5.00 (0.93) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.1 | 5.00 (0.55) | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.58 |
Fatty acids score | 0–10 | 5.5 (4.90) | 5.22 (7.21) | 0.65 | 4.52 (5.80) | 5.26 (4.41) | 0.591 | 6.20 (6.68) | 5.06 (4.65) | 0.694 | 5.24 (5.64) | 5.24 (4.51) | 0.259 |
Moderation | |||||||||||||
Sodium score | 0–10 | 5.25 (2.44) | 5.25 (2.12) | 0.99 | 4.50 (2.18) | 5.40 (2.26) | 0.18 | 5.76 (2.69) | 5.11 (2.13) | 0.28 | 5.49 (2.06) | 5.15 (2.34) | 0.55 |
Refined grains | 0–10 | 9.96 (1.56) | 10.00 (1.25) | 0.28 | 10.00 (2.49) | 10.00 (1.26) | 0.178 | 9.56 (1.60) | 10.00 (1.18) | 0.326 | 10.00 (0.54) | 9.96 (1.56) | 0.126 |
Saturated fat | 0–10 | 6.27 (3.34) | 6.32 (5.44) | 0.87 | 6.44 (4.61) | 6.23 (4.84) | 0.883 | 6.88 (4.91) | 5.85 (4.26) | 0.232 | 10.00 (4.07) | 5.55 (4.48) | 0.116 |
Added sugar | 0–10 | 9.19 (2.41) | 9.52 (2.36) | 0.68 | 8.95 (2.93) | 9.54 (2.29) | 0.243 | 9.14 (2.93) | 9.50 (2.37) | 0.502 | 9.49 (2.02) | 9.30 (2.44) | 0.946 |
Total HEI-2015 Score | 0–100 | 70.27 (13.08) | 75.77 (15.37) | 0.17 | 68.80 (32.20) | 72.73 (14.39) | 0.45 | 70.55 (10.16) | 72.73 (15.19) | 0.48 | 75.11 (13.50) | 71.28 (15.19) | 0.14 |
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Altinok Dindar, D.; Chun, B.; Palma, A.; Cheney, J.; Krieger, M.; Kasschau, K.; Stagaman, K.; Mitri, Z.I.; Goodyear, S.M.; Shannon, J.; et al. Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4628. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214628
Altinok Dindar D, Chun B, Palma A, Cheney J, Krieger M, Kasschau K, Stagaman K, Mitri ZI, Goodyear SM, Shannon J, et al. Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor. Nutrients. 2023; 15(21):4628. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214628
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltinok Dindar, Duygu, Brie Chun, Amy Palma, John Cheney, Madeline Krieger, Kristin Kasschau, Keaton Stagaman, Zahi I. Mitri, Shaun M. Goodyear, Jackilen Shannon, and et al. 2023. "Association between Gut Microbiota and Breast Cancer: Diet as a Potential Modulating Factor" Nutrients 15, no. 21: 4628. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214628