The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Nutrients | Anti-Inflammation | Anti-Oxidant Stress | Regulating Intestine Blood Flow | Immuno-Regulation | Improving Gut Bacterial Colonization | Improving Intestine Cell Growth and Development |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bovine colostrum | + | − | − | + | + | + |
Probiotics | − | − | − | + | + | + |
HMOs and Prebiotics | + | − | − | + | + | − |
LCPUFAs | + | + | − | + | − | − |
Glutamine | + | + | − | − | − | + |
Cysteine, NAC | + | + | − | − | − | − |
Arginine/citrulline | + | + | + | − | − | − |
2. Bovine Colostrum
3. Probiotics
4. Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Other Prebiotics
5. Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
6. Glutamine
7. Cysteine and N-Acetylcysteine
8. l-Arginine and l-Citrulline
9. Discussion
10. Conclusions
Nutrients | Clinical Trials (Authors, Reference No.) | Outcomes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Secondary | |||
Bovine colostrum | Yanqi Li et al., [12] | safe and well tolerated | ↑ enteral protein intake | |
Probiotics | Alfaleh K et al., 2010. [15] | ↓severe NEC and mortality | no reduction on sepsis and days on TPN | |
Deshpande G et al., 2010. [16] | ↓mortality and 30% NEC | no reduction on sepsis | ||
Wang Q et al., 2012. [17] | ↓NEC and mortality | no reduction on sepsis | ||
Alfaleh K et al., 2014. [18] | ↓NEC and mortality | no reduction on sepsis | ||
HMOs or Prebiotics | Van Niekerk E et al., 2014. [33] | low concentrations of DSLNT were associated with NEC↑ | NA | |
Dilli D et al., 2015. [34] | failed to reduce NEC | ↓time to full enteral feeding, sepsis, mortality and stays in NICU | ||
Armanian AM et al., 2014. [35] | ↓NEC | ↓time to full enteral feeds and duration of hospitalization | ||
LCPUFAs | Zhang P et al., 2014. [42] | ↓NEC in infants born at ≤32 weeks gestation | ↓BPD in infants born at ≤32 weeks gestation | |
Glutamine | Bober-Olesińska K et al., 2005. [48] | ↓NEC | no reduction on sepsis and stays in NICU | |
Sevastiadou S et al., 2011. [50] | ↓NEC | ↓sepsis | ||
Tubman TR et al., 2008. [49] | no effect on mortality | no effect on NEC, infection, time to full enteral nutrition, or duration of hospitalization | ||
Mohamad Ikram I et al., 2011. [51] | no reduction on NEC | no reduction on sepsis, duration of ventilation, and NICU stay | ||
Pawlik, D et al., 2011. [52] | ↓Feeding intolerance | lower but no significant differences in NEC, sepsis and intestinal perforation | ||
Cysteine or NAC | Soghier LM et al., 2006. [58] | ↑Nitrogen retention No differences on growth | no reduction on death, NEC, BPD, ROP, IVH, PVL | |
l-Arginine, l-citrulline | Amin HJ et al., 2002. [69] | ↓NEC, ↑plasma arginine levels | no differences in nutrient intake, plasma ammonia and amino acid concentrations | |
Polycarpou E et al., 2013. [70] | ↓NEC stage III | NA | ||
Mitchell K et al., 2014. [71] | ↓60% all stage NEC and 59% NEC stage II and III | no difference in any neurodevelopmental disability at 3 years |
Abbreviations
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhou, P.; Li, Y.; Ma, L.-Y.; Lin, H.-C. The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Nutrients 2015, 7, 7256-7270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095334
Zhou P, Li Y, Ma L-Y, Lin H-C. The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Nutrients. 2015; 7(9):7256-7270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095334
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Ping, Yanqi Li, Li-Ya Ma, and Hung-Chih Lin. 2015. "The Role of Immunonutrients in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Very Low Birth Weight Infants" Nutrients 7, no. 9: 7256-7270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095334