Iodine Status of New Zealand Elderly Residents in Long-Term Residential Care
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochemical Analyses
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Study Participants n (%) | With Urine and Blood Sample n (%) | Without Urine and Blood Sample n (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
All participants | 309 | 238 | 71 |
Women | 209 (68) | 162 (68) | 47 (66) |
Age, years | |||
<80 | 69 (22) | 55 (23) | 14 (20) |
80–89 | 149 (48) | 119 (50) | 30 (42) |
≥90 | 91 (30) | 64 (27) | 27 (38) |
Time of data collection | |||
Summer/autumn | 155 (50) | 123 (52) | 32 (45) |
Winter/spring | 154 (50) | 115 (48) | 39 (55) |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | |||
<20 | 42 (14) | 29 (12) | 13 (20) |
20–24.9 | 104 (35) | 82 (35) | 22 (33) |
25–29.9 | 95 (32) | 74 (32) | 21 (32) |
≥30 | 60 (20) | 50 (21) | 10 (15) |
Current smoker | 12 (4) | 9 (4) | 3 (4) |
Malnutrition risk a | |||
Low risk | 205 (70) | 164 (72) | 41 (62) |
Moderate risk | 53 (18) | 38 (17) | 15 (23) |
High risk | 37 (13) | 27 (12) | 10 (15) |
Frailty b | |||
Not frail | 49 (17) | 36 (16) | 13 (21) |
Pre-frail | 93 (33) | 74 (33) | 19 (31) |
Frail | 143 (50) | 113 (51) | 30 (48) |
Medications | |||
Loop diuretic | 112 (36) | 91 (38) | 21 (30) |
Laxative (regular prescription) | 101 (33) | 83 (35) | 18 (25) |
Levothyroxine | 50 (16) | 41 (17) | 9 (13) |
Beta-blocker | 124 (40) | 95 (40) | 29 (41) |
Oral nutritional supplement | 22 (7) | 16 (7) | 6 (9) |
Urinary Iodine (µg/L) | TgAb > 115 IU/mL % | Thyroglobulin (ng/mL) * | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Median | 25th, 75th Percentile | <50% | <100% | >300% | n | Median | 25th, 75th Percentile | >40% | ||
All | 249 | 72 | 43, 109 | 29 | 71 | 4 | 13 | 232 | 18 | 9, 43 | 26 |
Sex | |||||||||||
Men | 79 | 77 | 45, 112 | 27 | 70 | 5 | 8 | 77 | 16 | 9, 26 | 18 a |
Women | 170 | 71 | 43, 105 | 30 | 71 | 4 | 15 | 155 | 21 | 9, 49 | 30 b |
Age group (years) | |||||||||||
<79 | 56 | 81 a | 51, 149 | 23 | 61 | 5 | 12 | 52 | 15 | 9, 29 | 17 |
80–89 | 125 | 71 | 42, 108 | 30 | 70 | 6 | 11 | 119 | 19 | 9, 39 | 24 |
≥90 | 68 | 71 b | 44, 93 | 31 | 79 | 1 | 19 | 61 | 19 | 9, 75 | 36 |
Time of data collection | |||||||||||
Summer/autumn | 128 | 63 a | 40, 98 | 38 a | 76 | 3 | 12 | 119 | 20 | 9, 43 | 27 |
Winter/spring | 121 | 84 b | 53, 137 | 20 b | 65 | 6 | 14 | 113 | 16 | 9, 38 | 25 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||||||
<20 | 30 | 69 | 44, 111 | 27 | 73 | 0 | 11 | 32 | 15 | 7, 32 | 22 |
20–24.9 | 87 | 70 | 42, 104 | 30 | 74 | 3 | 15 | 73 | 16 | 9, 31 | 22 |
25–29.9 | 76 | 77 | 47, 115 | 28 | 70 | 4 | 15 | 73 | 21 | 9, 45 | 30 |
≥30 | 53 | 77 | 40, 125 | 30 | 64 | 9 | 9 | 48 | 18 | 12, 45 | 27 |
Malnutrition risk | |||||||||||
Low risk | 172 | 72 | 44, 112 | 28 | 69 a | 4 | 14 | 155 | 18 | 9, 31 | 28 |
Moderate risk | 40 | 73 | 38, 93 | 35 | 83 b | 5 | 5 | 41 | 19 | 9, 45 | 20 |
High risk | 28 | 70 | 44, 107 | 29 | 75 | 4 | 23 | 24 | 18 | 12, 45 | 21 |
Frailty | |||||||||||
Non-frail | 40 | 66 | 42, 95 | 33 | 75 | 5 | 13 | 42 | 18 | 10, 30 | 14 a |
Pre-frail | 77 | 81 | 41, 117 | 30 | 68 | 5 | 10 | 88 | 18 | 8, 49 | 36 b |
Frail | 117 | 70 | 43, 105 | 30 | 73 | 4 | 13 | 136 | 18 | 7, 33 | 24 |
Chronic kidney disease | |||||||||||
No disease | 11 | 85 a | 70, 111 | 9 a | 73 | 0 | 14 | 12 | 11 a | 8, 18 | 8 |
Stage 1 | 115 | 73 a | 43, 129 | 30 | 66 | 5 | 14 | 109 | 18 b | 9, 43 | 26 |
Stage 2 | 106 | 72 a | 43, 100 | 27 | 75 | 4 | 13 | 95 | 19 | 8, 45 | 27 |
Stage 3/4 | 10 | 45 b | 32, 89 | 60 b | 80 | 10 | 7 | 14 | 23 | 9, 54 | 36 |
Taking Levothyroxine medication | |||||||||||
No | 207 | 69 a | 42, 105 | 32 a | 74 a | 3 a | 11 a | 201 | 19 a | 8, 45 | 27 |
Yes | 42 | 95 b | 59, 153 | 14 b | 55 b | 12 b | 26 b | 31 | 7 b | 2, 29 | 16 |
Taking oral nutritional supplement | |||||||||||
No | 233 | 71 | 43, 107 | 30 | 72 | 5 | 13 | 217 | 19 | 9, 45 | 27 |
Yes | 16 | 88 | 57, 176 | 19 | 56 | 0 | 21 | 15 | 12 | 9, 21 | 7 |
Urinary Iodine Concentration (μg/L) | Urinary Iodine Concentration <50 μg/L | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted a | Unadjusted | Adjusted a | |||||||||
Coef b | 95% CI | p-Value | Coef b | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (5-year increase) | −0.75 | −4.40, 2.90 | 0.688 | 1.08 | 0.93, 1.26 | 0.331 | ||||||
Sex (women cf men) | −6.02 | −24.99, 12.96 | 0.533 | 1.18 | 0.56, 2.52 | 0.661 | ||||||
Date of data collection (autumn/winter) | 20.77 | 5.66, 35.88 | 0.007 | 23.24 | 7.29, 39.18 | 0.004 | 0.41 | 0.18, 0.94 | 0.034 | 0.41 | 0.16, 1.02 | 0.056 |
BMI (1 unit increase) | 0.86 | −1.02, 2.74 | 0.368 | |||||||||
Malnutrition risk | 0.949 | 0.684 | ||||||||||
Moderate cf low risk | 1.98 | −13.07, 17.04 | 1.35 | 0.68, 2.67 | ||||||||
High cf low risk | −1.64 | −18.66, 15.38 | 1.00 | 0.40, 2.53 | ||||||||
Frailty | 0.326 | 0.942 | ||||||||||
Pre-frail cf non-frail | 13.87 | −4.35, 32.10 | 0.88 | 0.40, 1.95 | ||||||||
Frail cf non-frail | 3.64 | −13.04, 20.31 | 0.89 | 0.44, 1.78 | ||||||||
Chronic kidney disease | 0.146 | 0.535 | 0.045 | 0.191 | ||||||||
Stage 1 cf no CKD | −11.73 | −38.40, 14.95 | 6.16 | −26.01, 38.32 | 4.20 | 0.57, 30.70 | 2.80 | 0.31, 25.00 | ||||
Stage 2 cf no CKD | −12.82 | −40.79, 15.15 | 4.68 | −21.30, 30.65 | 3.77 | 0.42, 33.42 | 2.36 | 0.23, 23.95 | ||||
Stage 3/4 cf no CKD | −37.12 | −71.74, −2.50 | −4.89 | −40.66, 30.89 | 15.00 | 1.58, 142.05 | 7.88 | 0.80, 77.71 | ||||
Anemia | 6.02 | −9.74, 21.77 | 0.452 | 0.87 | 0.57, 1.31 | 0.491 | ||||||
Loop diuretic | −18.16 | −37.72, 1.40 | 0.069 | −16.05 | −31.58, −0.52 | 0.043 | 1.70 | 0.90, 3.21 | 0.101 | 1.46 | 0.76, 2.82 | 0.259 |
Levothyroxine | 25.79 | 2.84, 48.75 | 0.028 | 36.30 | −6.84, 79.45 | 0.099 | 0.36 | 0.14, 0.91 | 0.031 | 0.32 | 0.12, 0.90 | 0.030 |
ONS | 20.31 | −10.63, 51.25 | 0.197 | 19.69 | −33.29, 72.67 | 0.465 | 0.55 | 0.16, 1.86 | 0.335 |
Serum Thyroglobulin Concentration (ng/mL) | Serum Thyroglobulin Concentration >40 ng/mL | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted a | Unadjusted | Adjusted a | |||||||||
Coef b | 95% CI | p-Value | Coef b | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (5-year increase) | 1.46 | −0.43, 3.35 | 0.129 | 2.59 | 0.33, 4.86 | 0.025 | 1.05 | 1.01, 1.09 | 0.021 | |||
Women cf men | 4.67 | −0.41, 9.75 | 0.071 | 6.41 | 2.36, 10.47 | 0.002 | 1.89 | 1.28, 2.82 | 0.001 | |||
Date of data collection | −3.43 | −8.86, 2.00 | 0.215 | −2.70 | −9.65, 4.27 | 0.447 | 0.90 | 0.50, 1.62 | 0.715 | |||
BMI (continuous) | 0.44 | 0.02, 0.87 | 0.041 | 3.43 | 1.17, 5.70 | 0.003 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.05 | 0.600 | |||
Malnutrition risk | 0.992 | 0.252 | ||||||||||
Moderate cf low risk | 0.78 | −11.53, 13.09 | 0.63 | 0.30, 1.31 | ||||||||
High cf low risk | 0.29 | −7.14, 7.72 | 0.69 | 0.30, 1.68 | ||||||||
Frailty | 0.970 | 0.029 | 0.029 | |||||||||
Pre-frail cf non-frail | 0.33 | −6.02, 6.68 | 3.42 | 1.23, 9.55 | 4.08 | 1.40, 11.96 | ||||||
Frail cf non-frail | 0.67 | −4.95, 6.29 | 1.85 | 0.75, 4.55 | 2.46 | 0.94, 6.45 | ||||||
Chronic kidney disease | 0.057 | 0.604 | 0.495 | |||||||||
Stage 1 cf no CKD | 6.32 | 1.02, 11.62 | −6.70 | −16.54, 3.16 | 3.80 | 0.54, 26.56 | ||||||
Stage 2 cf no CKD | 6.38 | −1.21, 13.97 | −5.95 | −16.47, 4.56 | 4.14 | 0.46, 37.67 | ||||||
Stage 3/4 cf no CKD | 13.17 | −6.05, 32.38 | −9.19 | −26.93, 8.56 | 6.11 | 0.68, 54.56 | ||||||
Anemia | −5.11 | −12.38, 2.16 | 0.167 | −5.85 | −11.71, 0.00 | 0.050 | 0.39 | 0.21, 0.73 | 0.003 | 0.42 | 0.20, 0.85 | 0.016 |
hs-CRP (log transformed) | 1.89 | 0.29, 3.49 | 0.021 | 1.89 | −0.06, 3.84 | 0.057 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 0.861 | |||
Loop diuretic | 1.58 | −2.76, 5.92 | 0.474 | 1.15 | 072, 1.82 | 0.558 | ||||||
Levothyroxine | −12.46 | −18.60, −6.32 | <0.001 | −15.22 | −24.22, −6.23 | 0.001 | 0.53 | 0.20, 1.40 | 0.203 | 0.33 | 0.09, 1.13 | 0.078 |
ONS | −6.60 | −12.63, −0.57 | 0.032 | −3.90 | −8.89, 1.08 | 0.124 | 0.16 | 0.02, 1.05 | 0.092 | 0.42 | 0.20, 0.85 | 0.056 |
Bread Intake (g/Day) | Pre-Fortification Iodine Intake from Bread (μg/Day) | Post-Fortification Iodine Intake from Bread (μg/Day) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |
All participants | 309 | 66 | 56, 75 | 0.7 | 0.7, 0.8 | 30.8 | 26.3, 35.3 |
Sex | |||||||
Men | 100 | 75 a | 62, 87 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.9 | 35.5 a | 29.2, 41.8 |
Women | 209 | 61 b | 53, 70 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | 28.6 b | 24.5, 32.6 |
Age group (years) | |||||||
65–80 | 69 | 70 | 54, 86 | 0.7 | 0.5, 0.8 | 33.3 | 25.4, 41.2 |
80–89 | 149 | 66 | 59, 74 | 0.8 | 0.7, 0.8 | 31.0 | 27.3, 34.7 |
≥90 | 91 | 61 | 49, 73 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | 28.7 | 23.0, 34.3 |
Time of data collection | |||||||
Summer/autumn | 155 | 62 | 56, 67 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | 28.8 | 24.3, 33.2 |
Winter/spring | 154 | 70 | 64, 76 | 0.7 | 0.5, 0.9 | 32.9 | 25.8, 40.0 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||
<20 | 42 | 51 a | 38, 64 | 0.6 | 0.4, 0.8 | 23.8 a | 17.5, 30.0 |
20–24.9 | 106 | 65 b | 56, 74 | 0.7 | 0.7, 0.8 | 30.5 b | 26.3, 34.7 |
25–29.9 | 94 | 64 b | 54, 73 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.9 | 29.7 b | 25.3, 34.1 |
≥30 | 59 | 79 c | 65, 93 | 0.8 | 0.6, 1.0 | 37.5 | 30.4, 44.5 |
Malnutrition risk | |||||||
Low risk | 205 | 71 a | 62, 80 | 0.8 a | 0.7, 0.9 | 33.5 a | 29.1, 37.9 |
Moderate risk | 53 | 55 b | 43, 66 | 0.6 b | 0.5, 0.7 | 25.3 b | 20.3, 30.4 |
High risk | 37 | 49 b | 36, 62 | 0.6 b | 0.4, 0.8 | 23.1 b | 16.9, 29.3 |
Frailty | |||||||
Not frail | 49 | 75 a | 65, 85 | 0.9 a | 0.7, 1.0 | 35.0 a | 27.3, 42.8 |
Pre-frail | 93 | 68 | 59, 76 | 0.7 | 0.6, 0.8 | 32.0 | 27.2, 36.8 |
Frail | 143 | 61 b | 55, 67 | 0.7 b | 0.5, 0.8 | 28.6 b | 24.2, 33.0 |
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Miller, J.C.; MacDonell, S.O.; Gray, A.R.; Reid, M.R.; Barr, D.J.; Thomson, C.D.; Houghton, L.A. Iodine Status of New Zealand Elderly Residents in Long-Term Residential Care. Nutrients 2016, 8, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445
Miller JC, MacDonell SO, Gray AR, Reid MR, Barr DJ, Thomson CD, Houghton LA. Iodine Status of New Zealand Elderly Residents in Long-Term Residential Care. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiller, Jody C., Sue O. MacDonell, Andrew R. Gray, Malcolm R. Reid, David J. Barr, Christine D. Thomson, and Lisa A. Houghton. 2016. "Iodine Status of New Zealand Elderly Residents in Long-Term Residential Care" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445
APA StyleMiller, J. C., MacDonell, S. O., Gray, A. R., Reid, M. R., Barr, D. J., Thomson, C. D., & Houghton, L. A. (2016). Iodine Status of New Zealand Elderly Residents in Long-Term Residential Care. Nutrients, 8(8), 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080445