Trends and Predictors of Prelacteal Feeding Practices in Nigeria (2003–2013)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Outcome and Exploratory Variables
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trends in Prelacteal Feeds
3.1.1. Trends in Prevalence of Prelacteal Feeds by Key Factors
3.1.2. Multivariable Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 2003 N (n) | 2008 N (n) | 2013 N (n) |
---|---|---|---|
Community-Level Factor | |||
Geopolitical region | |||
North Central | 89 (32) | 380 (145) | 429 (235) |
North East | 149 (124) | 496 (392) | 533 (387) |
North West | 233 (184) | 818 (549) | 1020 (730) |
South East | 35 (11) | 271 (145) | 267 (135) |
South West | 85 (37) | 393 (205) | 277 (124) |
South South | 67 (49) | 475 (128) | 401 (114) |
Residence type | |||
Urban | 180 (132) | 870 (391) | 1016 (475) |
Rural | 478 (304) | 1961 (1174) | 1910 (1250) |
Socio-Economic Factors | |||
Household wealth index | |||
Poor | 290 (205) | 975 (628) | 1096 (766) |
Middle | 250 (161) | 1034 (581) | 1324 (748) |
Rich | 108 (64) | 669 (281) | 467 (189) |
Mother’s education | |||
No education | 333 (252) | 1249 (836) | 1427 (1045) |
Primary | 151 (88) | 625 (321) | 517 (268) |
Secondary or higher | 175 (96) | 958 (407) | 982 (411) |
Father’s education | |||
No education | 254(203) | 993 (649) | 1099 (829) |
Primary | 143 (95) | 560 (317) | 509 (281) |
Secondary or higher | 232 (126) | 1150 (525) | 1223 (571) |
Mother’s working status | |||
Not working | 293 (199) | 1257 (729) | 1302 (765) |
Working | 365 (237) | 1564 (828) | 1622 (958) |
Maternal and Infant Factors | |||
Mother’s age | |||
15–24 | 264 (180) | 947 (562) | 970 (625) |
25–34 | 294 (182) | 1360 (709) | 1427 (788) |
35–49 | 100 (74) | 524 (294) | 529 (313) |
Mother’s perceived baby size | |||
Small | 108 (72) | 465 (270) | 481 (324) |
Average | 289 (188) | 1103 (652) | 1183 (740) |
Large | 255 (173) | 1240 (635) | 1251 (653) |
Sex | |||
Female | 313 (204) | 1392 (755) | 1479 (857) |
Male | 345 (233) | 1440 (810) | 1446 (868) |
Birth order | |||
1 | 144 (98) | 563 (321) | 556 (319) |
2 to 4 | 296 (180) | 1271 (637) | 1324 (732) |
≥5 | 219 (159) | 998 (606) | 1045 (674) |
Birth interval (months) | |||
No previous birth | 144 (98) | 563 (321) | 556 (319) |
<24 | 73 (36) | 362 (191) | 363 (220) |
≥24 | 441 (303) | 1900 (1051) | 2003 (1184) |
Place of birth | |||
Home | 455 (324) | 1765 (1115) | 1864 (1281) |
Health facility | 203 (113) | 1067 (450) | 1062 (444) |
Mode of delivery | |||
Non-caesarean | 643 (427) | 2780 (1535) | 2843 (1688) |
Caesarean | 8 (6) | 49 (29) | 57 (28) |
Antenatal visit | |||
None | 263 (200) | 1250 (780) | 1019 (718) |
1 to 3 | 98 (59) | 344 (198) | 471 (299) |
≥4 | 295 (177) | 1238 (586) | 1436 (708) |
Delivery assistance | |||
Health professional | 215 (125) | 985 (417) | 1086 (466) |
Traditional birth attendant | 114 (82) | 576 (375) | 635 (438) |
other unskilled worker | 236 (160) | 734 (437) | 815 (531) |
No one | 93 (69) | 537 (336) | 390 (290) |
Health knowledge factors | |||
Reading magazine or newspaper | |||
At least once a week | 48 (20) | 162 (57) | 185 (77) |
Less than once a week | 57 (33) | 243 (110) | 225 (89) |
Never | 545 (376) | 2344 (1366) | 2497 (1544) |
Listening to radio | |||
At least once a week | 163 (107) | 606 (320) | 1024 (550) |
Less than once a week | 83 (43) | 445 (245) | 714 (385) |
Never | 189 (140) | 996 (643) | 1177 (783) |
Watching TV | |||
At least once a week | 62 (42) | 355 (175) | 828 (370) |
Less than once a week | 53 (27) | 303 (161) | 470 (224) |
Never | 412 (288) | 1617 (1012) | 1613 (1120) |
Characteristic | Prelacteal Feeding Rate 2003 | Prelacteal Feeding Rate 2008 | Prelacteal Feeding Rate 2013 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (2008–2003) | p | % | (2013–2008) | p | % | (2013–2003) | p | |
Community-level factor | |||||||||
Geographical region | |||||||||
North Central | 35.5 | 2.8 | 0.704 | 38.3 | 16.50 | <0.001 | 54.8 | 19.3 | 0.015 |
North East | 83.1 | −4.1 | 0.292 | 79.0 | −6.40 | 0.117 | 72.6 | −10.5 | 0.035 |
North West | 78.8 | −11.6 | 0.006 | 67.2 | 4.40 | 0.143 | 71.6 | −7.2 | 0.087 |
South East | 31.8 | 21.7 | 0.166 | 53.5 | −2.80 | 0.609 | 50.7 | 18.9 | 0.233 |
South West | 43.3 | 9.0 | 0.369 | 52.3 | −7.40 | 0.086 | 44.9 | 1.6 | 0.872 |
South South | 74.3 | −48.3 | <0.001 | 26.0 | 2.30 | 0.740 | 28.3 | −46.0 | <0.001 |
Residence type | |||||||||
Urban | 73.7 | −28.8 | <0.001 | 44.9 | 1.90 | 0.573 | 46.8 | −26.9 | <0.001 |
Rural | 63.6 | −3.8 | 0.368 | 59.8 | 5.60 | 0.012 | 65.4 | 1.8 | 0.674 |
Socio-economic factors | |||||||||
Household wealth index | |||||||||
Poor | 70.7 | −6.3 | 0.123 | 64.4 | 5.50 | 0.055 | 69.9 | −0.8 | 0.833 |
Middle | 64.3 | −8.1 | 0.137 | 56.2 | 0.30 | 0.916 | 56.5 | −7.8 | 0.151 |
Rich | 59.2 | −17.1 | 0.046 | 42.1 | −1.60 | 0.679 | 40.5 | −18.7 | 0.033 |
Mother’s education | |||||||||
No education | 75.9 | −9.0 | 0.017 | 66.9 | 6.40 | 0.010 | 73.3 | −2.6 | 0.493 |
Primary | 58.4 | −7.1 | 0.248 | 51.3 | 0.60 | 0.885 | 51.9 | −6.5 | 0.292 |
Secondary or higher | 55.1 | −12.5 | 0.052 | 42.6 | −0.60 | 0.815 | 42.0 | −13.1 | 0.041 |
Father’s education | |||||||||
No education | 79.9 | −14.7 | <0.001 | 65.2 | 10.30 | <0.001 | 75.5 | −4.4 | 0.219 |
Primary | 66.6 | −9.9 | 0.097 | 56.7 | −1.50 | 0.701 | 55.2 | −11.4 | 0.06 |
Secondary or higher | 54.5 | −8.8 | 0.073 | 45.7 | 1.00 | 0.671 | 46.7 | −7.8 | 0.115 |
Mother’s working status | |||||||||
Not working | 68.1 | −10.1 | 0.013 | 58.0 | 0.80 | 0.748 | 58.8 | −9.3 | 0.027 |
Working | 65.0 | −12.0 | 0.004 | 53.0 | 6.10 | 0.013 | 59.1 | −5.9 | 0.157 |
Maternal and infant factors | |||||||||
Mother’s age | |||||||||
15–24 | 68.2 | −8.9 | 0.098 | 59.3 | 5.10 | 0.062 | 64.4 | −3.8 | 0.489 |
25–34 | 62.2 | −10.0 | 0.017 | 52.2 | 3.00 | 0.224 | 55.2 | −7.0 | 0.109 |
35–49 | 73.9 | −17.9 | 0.002 | 56.0 | 3.10 | 0.388 | 59.1 | −14.8 | 0.013 |
Mother’s perceived baby size | |||||||||
Small | 66.4 | −8.2 | 0.277 | 58.2 | 9.20 | 0.013 | 67.4 | 1.0 | 0.901 |
Average | 64.9 | −5.8 | 0.144 | 59.1 | 3.50 | 0.180 | 62.6 | −2.3 | 0.551 |
Large | 67.9 | −16.7 | <0.001 | 51.2 | 1.00 | 0.691 | 52.2 | −15.7 | 0.001 |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 65.2 | −11.0 | 0.004 | 54.2 | 3.70 | 0.119 | 57.9 | −7.3 | 0.069 |
Male | 67.4 | −11.2 | 0.014 | 56.2 | 3.80 | 0.103 | 60.0 | −7.4 | 0.103 |
Birth order | |||||||||
1 | 68.0 | −10.9 | 0.148 | 57.1 | 0.30 | 0.941 | 57.4 | −10.6 | 0.166 |
2 to 4 | 60.7 | −10.6 | 0.024 | 50.1 | 5.20 | 0.045 | 55.3 | −5.4 | 0.260 |
≥5 | 72.9 | −12.1 | 0.005 | 60.8 | 3.70 | 0.161 | 64.5 | −8.4 | 0.058 |
Birth interval (months) | |||||||||
No previous birth | 68.0 | −10.9 | 0.148 | 57.1 | 0.30 | 0.941 | 57.4 | −10.6 | 0.166 |
<24 | 49.7 | 3.0 | 0.768 | 52.7 | 7.40 | 0.078 | 60.1 | 10.4 | 0.287 |
≥24 | 68.6 | −13.2 | <0.001 | 55.4 | 3.70 | 0.084 | 59.1 | −9.5 | 0.009 |
Place of birth | |||||||||
Home | 71.2 | −8.0 | 0.022 | 63.2 | 5.50 | 0.008 | 68.7 | −2.5 | 0.478 |
Health facility | 55.5 | −13.3 | 0.032 | 42.2 | −0.40 | 0.904 | 41.8 | −13.7 | 0.029 |
Mode of delivery | |||||||||
Non-caesarean | 66.3 | −11.1 | 0.001 | 55.2 | 4.20 | 0.026 | 59.4 | −6.9 | 0.043 |
Caesarean | 92.7 | −34.4 | 0.002 | 58.3 | −8.70 | 0.438 | 49.6 | −43.1 | <0.001 |
Antenatal visit | |||||||||
None | 76.1 | −13.7 | 0.001 | 62.4 | 8.10 | 0.003 | 70.5 | −5.6 | 0.181 |
1 to 3 | 60.6 | −2.8 | 0.721 | 57.8 | 5.60 | 0.182 | 63.4 | 2.8 | 0.713 |
≥4 | 60.1 | −12.8 | 0.009 | 47.3 | 2.00 | 0.42 | 49.3 | −10.8 | 0.026 |
Delivery assistance | |||||||||
Health professional | 58.2 | −15.9 | 0.007 | 42.3 | 0.60 | 0.828 | 42.9 | −15.3 | 0.009 |
Traditional birth attendant | 71.7 | −6.5 | 0.319 | 65.2 | 3.80 | 0.291 | 69.0 | −2.7 | 0.676 |
other unskilled worker | 68.0 | −8.5 | 0.075 | 59.5 | 5.70 | 0.069 | 65.2 | −2.8 | 0.559 |
No one | 74.5 | −12.0 | 0.053 | 62.5 | 11.80 | 0.001 | 74.3 | −0.2 | 0.984 |
Health knowledge factors | |||||||||
Reading magazine or newspaper | |||||||||
At least once a week | 41.3 | −6.0 | 0.649 | 35.3 | 6.50 | 0.285 | 41.8 | 0.5 | 0.968 |
Less than once a week | 58.4 | −13.2 | 0.142 | 45.2 | −5.80 | 0.301 | 39.4 | −19.0 | 0.036 |
Never | 69.0 | −10.7 | 0.001 | 58.3 | 3.50 | 0.073 | 61.8 | −7.2 | 0.026 |
Listening to radio | |||||||||
At least once a week | 65.7 | −12.8 | 0.018 | 52.9 | 0.90 | 0.788 | 53.8 | −11.9 | 0.024 |
Less than once a week | 52.4 | 2.8 | 0.702 | 55.2 | −1.20 | 0.743 | 54.0 | 1.6 | 0.824 |
Never | 74.2 | −9.7 | 0.031 | 64.5 | 2.00 | 0.481 | 66.5 | −7.7 | 0.098 |
Watching TV | |||||||||
At least once a week | 68.1 | −18.7 | 0.034 | 49.4 | −4.70 | 0.248 | 44.7 | −23.4 | 0.006 |
Less than once a week | 51.5 | 1.7 | 0.869 | 53.2 | −5.60 | 0.193 | 47.6 | −3.9 | 0.701 |
Never | 70.0 | −7.4 | 0.055 | 62.6 | 6.90 | 0.003 | 69.5 | −0.5 | 0.887 |
Variables | Unadjusted | Adjusted ^,* |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Year of survey | ||
2003 | Ref | Ref |
2008 | 0.63 (0.47–0.83) | 0.72 (0.54–0.97) |
2013 | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) | 0.79 (0.58–1.06) |
Geographical region | ||
South South | Ref | Ref |
North East | 7.34 (5.41–9.97) | 4.77 (3.41–6.66) |
North West | 5.38 (4.21–6.89) | 3.31 (2.50–4.39) |
South East | 2.32 (1.71–3.14) | 2.53 (1.83–3.48) |
South West | 2.11 (1.61–2.78) | 1.98 (1.48–2.65) |
North Central | 1.90 (1.43–2.52) | 1.47 (1.11–1.95) |
Residence type | ||
Urban | Ref | |
Rural | 1.80 (1.54–2.10) | |
Household wealth index | ||
Poor | Ref | |
Middle | 0.64 (0.55–0.74) | |
Rich | 0.36 (0.30–0.43) | |
Mother’s education | ||
Secondary or higher | Ref | Ref |
Primary | 1.44 (1.22–1.71) | 1.13 (0.94–1.37) |
No education | 3.20 (2.72–3.75) | 1.65 (1.33–2.03) |
Father’s education | ||
Secondary or higher | Ref | |
Primary | 1.51 (1.28–1.78) | |
No education | 2.86 (2.45–3.35) | |
Mother’s working status | ||
Not working | Ref | Ref |
Working | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) |
Mother’s age | ||
35–49 | Ref | Ref |
15–24 | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 1.31 (1.04–1.64) |
25–34 | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) |
Mother’s perceived baby size | ||
Small | Ref | |
Average | 0.92 (0.78–1.10) | |
Large | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) | |
Sex | ||
Male | Ref | |
Female | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | |
Birth order | ||
2 to 4 | Ref | Ref |
1 to 3 | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) |
≥5 | 1.52 (1.33–1.73) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) |
Birth interval (months) | ||
No previous birth | Ref | |
<24 | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | |
≥24 | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | |
Place of birth | ||
Health facility | Ref | Ref |
Home | 2.62 (2.29–3.01) | 1.45 (1.23–1.71) |
Mode of delivery | ||
Non-caesarean | Ref | Ref |
Caesarean | 0.91 (0.58–1.43) | 1.91 (1.17–3.13) |
Antenatal visit | ||
None | Ref | |
1 to 3 | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | |
≥4 | 0.48 (0.42–0.56) | |
Delivery assistance | ||
Health professional | Ref | |
Traditional birth attendance (TBA) | 2.64 (2.19–3.19) | |
other unskilled worker | 2.18 (1.86–2.55) | |
No one | 2.71 (2.23–3.30) | |
Reading magazine or newspaper | ||
At least once a week | Ref | |
Less than once a week | 1.23 (0.89–1.70) | |
Never | 2.43 (1.88–3.15) | |
Listening to radio | ||
At least once a week | Ref | |
Less than once a week | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | |
Never | 1.64 (1.39–1.93) | |
Watching television | ||
At least once a week | Ref | |
Less than once a week | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | |
Never | 2.22 (1.87–2.64) |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Agho, K.E.; Ogeleka, P.; Ogbo, F.A.; Ezeh, O.K.; Eastwood, J.; Page, A. Trends and Predictors of Prelacteal Feeding Practices in Nigeria (2003–2013). Nutrients 2016, 8, 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080462
Agho KE, Ogeleka P, Ogbo FA, Ezeh OK, Eastwood J, Page A. Trends and Predictors of Prelacteal Feeding Practices in Nigeria (2003–2013). Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):462. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080462
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgho, Kingsley E., Pascal Ogeleka, Felix A. Ogbo, Osita K. Ezeh, John Eastwood, and Andrew Page. 2016. "Trends and Predictors of Prelacteal Feeding Practices in Nigeria (2003–2013)" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080462