Alteration of the Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Pattern in Colorectal Cancer Patients after Intentional Curative Surgery—A Prospective Pilot Study
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Patient Selection
2.2. Study Procedures
2.3. AeonoseTM Technology and Model Development with Machine Learning
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Study Population and Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Model Performance
3.3. Pre- and Post-Operative Comparisons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Training n = 37 | Validation n = 10 | Total n = 47 | |
---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | |||
Age, mean ± SD | 64 ± 11.2 | 68 ± 7.4 | 65 ± 10.5 |
Gender, male, n (%) | 23 (62.2) | 7 (70.0) | 30 (63.8) |
BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 25.7 ± 4.1 | 25.7 ± 2.8 | 25.7 ± 3.8 |
ASA, n (%) | |||
1 | 7 (18.9) | 2 (20) | 9 (19.1) |
2 | 25 (67.6) | 7 (70) | 32 (68.1) |
3 | 5 (13.5) | 1 (10) | 6 (12.8) |
Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 11 (29.7) | 1 (10) | 16 (34.0) |
Cardiovascular comorbidity | 5 (13.5) | 1 (10) | 6 (12.8) |
Lung comorbidity | 6 (16.2) | 1 (10) | 7 (14.9) |
Thyroid disease | 1 (2.7) | - | 1 (2.1) |
Diabetes | 3 (8.1) | 1 (10) | 4 (8.5) |
Hypercholesterolemia | 3 (8.1) | 1 (10) | 4 (8.5) |
Autoimmune disease | |||
IBD | 1 (2.7) | - | 1 (2.1) |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2 (2.7) | - | 2 (4.3) |
Other | |||
Reflux esophagitis | 3 (8.1) | - | 3 (6.4) |
OSAS | - | 1 (10) | 1 (2.1) |
Gout | - | 1 (10) | 1 (2.1) |
Depression | 1 (2.7) | - | 1 (2.1) |
Epileptic Disorder | 1 (2.7) | - | 1 (2.1) |
Tumor characteristics, n (%) | |||
Primary tumor location | |||
Right colon | 14 (37.8) | 9 (90) | 23 (48.9) |
Left colon | 22 (59.5) | 1 (10) | 24 (48.9) |
Rectum | 3 (8.1) | - | 3 (6.4) |
Synchronous double tumor | 2 (5.4) | - | 2 (4.3) |
MMR-status, n (%) | |||
MSS | 23 (62.2) | 5 (50) | 28 (59.6) |
MSI | 1 (2.7) | - | 1 (2.1) |
Undetermined | 12 (32.4) | 4 (40) | 18 (38.3) |
AJCC (8th edition) stage, n (%) | |||
Stage I (T1-2N0M0) | 7 (18.9) | 6 (60) | 13 (27.7) |
Stage II (T3-T4N0M0) | 12 (32.4) | 1 (10) | 13 (27.7) |
Stage III (T1-4N1-2M0) | 18 (48.6) | 3 (30) | 21 (44.7) |
Operation, n (%) | |||
(Extended) Right hemicolectomy | 14 (37.8) | 8 (80) | 22 (46.1) |
Left hemicolectomy | 5 (13.5) | - | 5 (10.6) |
Sigmoid colectomy | 12 (35.1) | 1 (10) | 14 (29.8) |
Low-anterior resection | 4 (8.5) | - | 4 (8.5) |
Local resection (TEM & CAL-WR) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (10) | 2 (4.3) |
Proctocolectomy | 1 (2.1) | - | 1 (2.1) |
Time between operation and 2nd test (days), median [range] | 20 (10–113) | 15.5 (11–76) | 18 (10–113) |
Pre-Operative | Post-Operative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correctly Predicted n = 38 | Incorrectly Predicted n = 9 | p-Value | Correctly Predicted n = 33 | Incorrectly Predicted n = 14 | p-Value | |
Age, mean ± SD | 64 ± 10.7 | 69 ± 9.5 | 0.22 | 65 ± 11.5 | 64.5 ± 8.6 | 0.80 |
Gender, male, n (%) | 25 (65.8) | 5 (55.6) | 0.56 | 21 (63.6) | 9 (64.3) | 0.97 |
BMI, kg/m2 ± SD | 25.8 ± 4.0 | 25.5 ± 2.8 | 0.85 | 26.1 ± 3.7 | 24.3 ± 3.5 | 0.13 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 9 (23.7) | 1 (11) | 0.41 | 4 (12.1) | 1 (7.1) | 0.61 |
Alcohol use < 24 h, n (%) | 22 (57.9) | 3 (33.3) | 0.18 | 8 (24.2) | 4 (28.6) | 0.76 |
Use of corticosteroids, n (%) | 4 (10.5) | 1 (11.1) | - | 3 (9.1) | 2 (14.3) | - |
Use of antibiotics a, n (%) | 2 (5.3) | 1 (11.1) | - | 3 (9.1) | 1 (7.1) | - |
PPI use, n (%) | 8 (21.1) | 5 (55.5) | 0.04 | 12 (36.4) | 2 (14.3) | 0.13 |
Last meal < 3 h, n (%) | 17 (44.7) | 5 (55.5) | 0.56 | 23 (69.7) | 10 (71.4) | 0.91 |
Depth of tumor invasion, n (%) | ||||||
pT1-2 | 14 (36.8) | 3 (33.3) | 0.84 | |||
pT3-4 | 24 (63.2) | 6 (66.7) | ||||
Postoperative complications, n (%) | 6 (18.8) | 4 (26.7) | 0.54 | |||
Minor complication (grade I–II b) | 5 | 3 | - | |||
Major complication (grade ≥ III b) | 1 | 1 | - | |||
Polyps in place during second test, n (%) | 13 (39.4) | 3 (21.4) | 0.24 | |||
Time between operation and 2nd test (days), median, [range] | 20 (10–113) | 17 (11–76) | 0.23 |
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Hanevelt, J.; Schoenaker, I.J.H.; Brohet, R.M.; Schrauwen, R.W.M.; Baas, F.J.N.; Tanis, P.J.; van Westreenen, H.L.; de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel, W.H. Alteration of the Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Pattern in Colorectal Cancer Patients after Intentional Curative Surgery—A Prospective Pilot Study. Cancers 2023, 15, 4785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194785
Hanevelt J, Schoenaker IJH, Brohet RM, Schrauwen RWM, Baas FJN, Tanis PJ, van Westreenen HL, de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel WH. Alteration of the Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Pattern in Colorectal Cancer Patients after Intentional Curative Surgery—A Prospective Pilot Study. Cancers. 2023; 15(19):4785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194785
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanevelt, Julia, Ivonne J. H. Schoenaker, Richard M. Brohet, Ruud W. M. Schrauwen, Frederique J. N. Baas, Pieter J. Tanis, Henderik L. van Westreenen, and Wouter H. de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel. 2023. "Alteration of the Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Pattern in Colorectal Cancer Patients after Intentional Curative Surgery—A Prospective Pilot Study" Cancers 15, no. 19: 4785. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194785