Author Contributions
Conceptualization, P.G., D.Z. and P.K.; methodology, P.G., D.Z., A.K., L.D. and R.K.; software, A.K., D.Z. and P.G.; validation, P.G. and D.Z.; formal analysis, P.G. and A.K.; investigation, D.Z., L.D., R.K., A.L. and P.G.; resources, V.D.; data curation, D.Z. and P.G.; writing—original draft preparation, P.G.; writing—review and editing, D.Z.; visualization, P.G.; supervision, P.G. and D.Z.; project administration, V.D.; funding acquisition, V.D. and P.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
The XRD pattern of the Waelz slag sample.
Figure 1.
The XRD pattern of the Waelz slag sample.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus: 1—furnace body; 2—graphite heater; 3—graphite stand; 4—crucible; 5—charge; 6—sheath for thermocouple; 7—thermocouple wire; 8—automatic temperature controller; 9—hose for protective gas inlet.
Figure 2.
Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus: 1—furnace body; 2—graphite heater; 3—graphite stand; 4—crucible; 5—charge; 6—sheath for thermocouple; 7—thermocouple wire; 8—automatic temperature controller; 9—hose for protective gas inlet.
Figure 3.
Effect of temperature on equilibrium amounts of liquid slag, metal, and gas obtained from the Waelz slag.
Figure 3.
Effect of temperature on equilibrium amounts of liquid slag, metal, and gas obtained from the Waelz slag.
Figure 4.
Effect of temperature on the equilibrium compositions of the iron-based alloy (a) and liquid slag (b) obtained from the Waelz slag.
Figure 4.
Effect of temperature on the equilibrium compositions of the iron-based alloy (a) and liquid slag (b) obtained from the Waelz slag.
Figure 5.
The samples after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample at 1450 (a) and 1550 °C (b).
Figure 5.
The samples after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample at 1450 (a) and 1550 °C (b).
Figure 6.
The liquidus projections for the CaO–MgO–SiO2–8%Al2O3 system from 1000 to 1800 °C with the marked points of charge composition for the experiments.
Figure 6.
The liquidus projections for the CaO–MgO–SiO2–8%Al2O3 system from 1000 to 1800 °C with the marked points of charge composition for the experiments.
Figure 7.
The effect of SiO2 addition to 100% of the Waelz slag on the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cu, as (a) and S, P, Cr, Ni, Sb (b) in the iron-based alloy obtained by the reduction smelting at 1650 °C.
Figure 7.
The effect of SiO2 addition to 100% of the Waelz slag on the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cu, as (a) and S, P, Cr, Ni, Sb (b) in the iron-based alloy obtained by the reduction smelting at 1650 °C.
Figure 8.
The effect of SiO2 addition to 100% of the Waelz slag on the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cu, As (a) and S, P, Cr, Ni, Sb (b) in the iron-based alloy obtained by the reduction smelting at 1750 °C.
Figure 8.
The effect of SiO2 addition to 100% of the Waelz slag on the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cu, As (a) and S, P, Cr, Ni, Sb (b) in the iron-based alloy obtained by the reduction smelting at 1750 °C.
Figure 9.
The XRD pattern of the froth floated Waelz slag sample.
Figure 9.
The XRD pattern of the froth floated Waelz slag sample.
Figure 10.
The samples after the reduction smelting of the froth-floated Waelz slag sample at 1500 (a) and 1600 °C (b).
Figure 10.
The samples after the reduction smelting of the froth-floated Waelz slag sample at 1500 (a) and 1600 °C (b).
Figure 11.
The effect of temperature on the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cu, As (a) and S, P, Cr, Ni, Sb (b) in the iron-based alloy obtained by the reduction smelting of the froth-floated Waelz slag sample.
Figure 11.
The effect of temperature on the contents of C, Si, Mn, Cu, As (a) and S, P, Cr, Ni, Sb (b) in the iron-based alloy obtained by the reduction smelting of the froth-floated Waelz slag sample.
Figure 12.
The samples after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample at 1650 °C with the addition of 18% SiO2.
Figure 12.
The samples after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample at 1650 °C with the addition of 18% SiO2.
Figure 13.
The XRD pattern of the slag sample obtained by the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag with the addition of 15% SiO2 at 1650 °C.
Figure 13.
The XRD pattern of the slag sample obtained by the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag with the addition of 15% SiO2 at 1650 °C.
Figure 14.
Effect of the Waelz slag addition to 100% of Portland cement on compressive strength of cement-sand mixture after 7 and 28 days of curing.
Figure 14.
Effect of the Waelz slag addition to 100% of Portland cement on compressive strength of cement-sand mixture after 7 and 28 days of curing.
Figure 15.
The flowsheet of two approaches based on the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag studied in this work.
Figure 15.
The flowsheet of two approaches based on the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag studied in this work.
Table 1.
The chemical composition of the Waelz slag sample, wt.%.
Table 1.
The chemical composition of the Waelz slag sample, wt.%.
Fetotal | Femet | Fe2+ | Fe3+ | Zn | Cu | Pb | Ca | Mg | Al | Si | Mn | Na | K | Cr | As | Ni | Ti | C | P | S |
---|
26.4 | 12.5 | 12.4 | 1.50 | 0.94 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 9.93 | 4.15 | 1.91 | 5.98 | 2.15 | 0.63 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.074 | 0.15 | 18.7 | 0.17 | 1.84 |
Table 2.
The effect of temperature and the SiO2 addition on the separation of metal and slag after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample.
Table 2.
The effect of temperature and the SiO2 addition on the separation of metal and slag after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample.
% SiO2 | Temperature, °C |
---|
1350 | 1450 | 1550 | 1650 | 1750 |
---|
12 | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ |
15 | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
18 | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ | ✓ | ✓ |
Table 3.
The effect of temperature and SiO2 addition on the chemical composition of slag obtained by reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample.
Table 3.
The effect of temperature and SiO2 addition on the chemical composition of slag obtained by reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample.
Reduction Smelting Temperature, °C | Added % SiO2 | Slag Composition, wt.% |
---|
CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | Mn | Cr | P | S | Fe |
---|
1650 | 15 | 34.2 | 33.8 | 15.3 | 7.44 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.66 | 0.07 | 0.019 | 3.75 | 2.20 |
18 | 30.5 | 36.8 | 16.5 | 7.69 | 0.39 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.53 | 0.02 | 0.011 | 3.77 | 1.30 |
1750 | 12 | 34.3 | 32.2 | 17.1 | 8.58 | 0.31 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.72 | 0.03 | 0.017 | 4.74 | 0.61 |
15 | 33.2 | 34.4 | 16.6 | 8.45 | 0.36 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.006 | 4.32 | 0.48 |
18 | 32.5 | 36.5 | 15.8 | 7.63 | 0.51 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.005 | 4.03 | 0.49 |
Table 4.
The composition of the froth flotation products, wt.%.
Table 4.
The composition of the froth flotation products, wt.%.
Sample | Fe | Zn | Cu | Pb | Ca | Mg | Al | Si | Mn | Na | K | Cr | As | Ti | Ni | C | P | S |
---|
Froth-floated Waelz slag | 26.3 | 0.63 | 0.84 | 0.28 | 10.3 | 6.49 | 2.61 | 7.00 | 2.26 | 0.68 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 5.1 | 0.25 | 1.59 |
Carbon flotation concentrate | 5.14 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.12 | 3.48 | 1.83 | 1.80 | 2.89 | 0.83 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 68.0 | 0.16 | 1.00 |
Table 5.
The effect of temperature on the chemical composition of slag obtained by reduction smelting of the froth floated Waelz slag sample.
Table 5.
The effect of temperature on the chemical composition of slag obtained by reduction smelting of the froth floated Waelz slag sample.
Reduction Smelting Temperature, °C | Slag Composition, wt.% |
---|
CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | Mn | Cr | P | S | Fe |
---|
1500 | 30.85 | 29.87 | 16.02 | 7.43 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.78 | 1.35 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.60 | 2.30 |
1600 | 31.23 | 28.60 | 16.25 | 7.50 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.62 | 2.40 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 1.70 |
Table 6.
A comparison of composition of the metal sample after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample at 1650 °C with the addition of 18% SiO2 with some state standards, wt.%.
Table 6.
A comparison of composition of the metal sample after the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample at 1650 °C with the addition of 18% SiO2 with some state standards, wt.%.
Alloy | C | Si | Mn | S | P | Cu | Cr | As | Sb |
---|
Obtained | 0.48 | 12.67 | 4.27 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 1.86 | 0.83 | 0.22 | 0.07 |
Cast iron L1 (GOST 4832-95) | 3.2–3.6 | 3.1–3.6 | 0.9–1.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.7 | - | ≤0.1 | - | - |
Cast iron L2 (GOST 4832-95) | 2.8–3.2 | 2.8–3.2 | 0.9–1.5 | ≤0.04 | ≤0.7 | - | ≤0.1 | - | - |
Pig iron P1 (GOST 805-95) | - | 0.5–0.9 | >1.5 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.3 | ≤0.3 | - | - | - |
Pig iron P2 (GOST 805-95) | - | <0.5 | >1.5 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.3 | ≤0.3 | - | - | - |
Pig iron PL1 (GOST 805-95) | 4.0–4.5 | 0.9–1.5 | ≤1.5 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.3 | ≤0.3 | ≤0.04 | - | - |
Pig iron PL2 (GOST 805-95) | 4.0–4.5 | 0.5–0.9 | ≤1.5 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.3 | ≤0.3 | ≤0.04 | - | - |
Cast iron ChS13 (GOST 7769-82) | 0.6–1.4 | 12–14 | ≤0.8 | ≤0.07 | ≤0.1 | - | - | - | - |
Cast iron ChS15 (GOST 7769-82) | 0.3–0.8 | 14.1–16 | ≤0.8 | ≤0.07 | ≤0.1 | - | - | - | - |
FeSi10 (GOST 1415-93) | ≤2 | 8–13 | ≤3 | ≤0.06 | ≤0.15 | - | ≤0.8 | - | - |
Cast iron ChG8D3 (GOST 7769-82) | 3–3.8 | 2–2.5 | 7–9 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.3 | 2.5–3.5 | - | - | - |
Table 7.
The chemical composition of slag obtained by reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample with the addition of 18% SiO2 at 1650 °C.
Table 7.
The chemical composition of slag obtained by reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample with the addition of 18% SiO2 at 1650 °C.
CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | BaO | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | Mn | Cr | P | S | Fe |
---|
28.5 | 40.8 | 14.9 | 7.54 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.2 | 0.24 | 0.84 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 1.66 | 1.74 |
Table 8.
A comparison of two approaches for the Waelz slag processing considered in this study.
Table 8.
A comparison of two approaches for the Waelz slag processing considered in this study.
Attribute | Primary Approach | Auxiliary Approach |
---|
Essence | Reduction smelting of the Waelz slag sample with SiO2-containing flux | Reduction smelting of the froth floated Waelz slag sample with decreased carbon content |
Smelting temperature | 1650 °C | 1500 °C |
Obtained alloy | Low-silicon ferrosilicon | Cast iron |
Slag | Attractive for construction industry | Attractive for construction industry |
Zn-containing fume | Recyclable in the Waelz process | Recyclable in the Waelz process |
Cooling | Dispensable | Yes |
Grinding | No | Yes |
Froth flotation | No | Yes |
Pelletizing | Dispensable | Yes |
Carbon concentrate | No | Yes |