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Article

Structural Variation in Polyoxomolybdate Hybrid Crystals Comprising Ionic-Liquid Surfactants

by
Takeru Ito
1,*,
Keisuke Mikurube
1,
Kimiko Hasegawa
2,
Takashi Matsumoto
2,
Kurato Kosaka
1,
Haruo Naruke
3 and
Shinichi Koguchi
1
1
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
2
Research Laboratory, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima 196-8666, Japan
3
Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-R1-23, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2014, 4(1), 42-52; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4010042
Submission received: 10 January 2014 / Revised: 11 February 2014 / Accepted: 20 February 2014 / Published: 4 March 2014
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Engineering Involving Weak Bonds)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Polyoxomolybdate inorganic-organic hybrid crystals were synthesized with 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium as ionic-liquid surfactants. Both hybrid crystals possessed alternate stacking of surfactant layers and octamolybdate (Mo8) monolayers, while the molecular structures of Mo8 were different depending on the surfactants and solvents employed for crystallization. Each Mo8 anion was connected by two sodium cations to form infinite one-dimensional chain. The surfactant chains in these crystals were arranged in a complicatedly bent manner, which will be induced by the weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds between the Mo8 anions and ionic-liquid surfactants.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Ionic-liquids enable to construct hybrid materials with functions such as catalytic or conductive properties owing to their specific characteristics [1,2,3,4]. Inorganic-organic hybrid compounds using ionic-liquid surfactants will exhibit higher structural variation than purely inorganic compounds and higher stability than purely organic compounds. In such ionic-liquid hybrids, the structures and arrangements of molecular components should be precisely controlled for the emergence of characteristic functions as realized in functional hybrid molecular conductors [5,6].
Polyoxometalate anions having physicochemical functions such as redox, catalytic or conductive properties [7,8,9,10,11,12] have been successfully organized by structure-directing surfactants to construct inorganic-organic hybrids [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20] and layered crystals [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. These polyoxometalate-surfactant hybrids allow flexible selection of the ionic components including ionic liquid [31,32,33,34,35,36], which leads to precise engineering of the structure and function.
We report here structural variation of polyoxomolybdate hybrid crystals synthesized by using long-tailed ionic-liquid surfactants. 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium ([(C10H21)C3H3N2(CH3)]+, C10im) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium ([(C12H25)C3H3N2(CH3)]+, C12im) were employed as cationic surfactants. Both crystals comprised octamolybdate (Mo8O264−, Mo8) anion and sodium cation (C10im-Na-Mo8 and C12im-Na-Mo8). The weak interactions between poloxomolybdates and surfactants are considered to affect the formation of complicated packing structures.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Crystal Structure of C10im-Na-Mo8

C10im-Na-Mo8 was obtained from as-prepared hybrid composed of C10im and polyoxomolybdate, which contained β-type octamolybdate (β-Mo8) as in the case that C12im was utilized [29]. C10im-Na-Mo8 crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography were obtained by employing 1-butanol (1-BuOH) as crystallization solvent.
The single crystal X-ray structure analysis combined with the elemental analysis revealed the formula of C10im-Na-Mo8 to be [(C10H21)C3H3N2(CH3)]2Na2[β-Mo8O26]·4[1-BuOH] (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the crystal structure of C10im-Na-Mo8. The crystal packing consisted of alternating β-Mo8 inorganic layers and C10im organic layers with periodicity of 19.6 Å (Figure 1b).
Two C10im cations (1+ charge) and two Na+ were associated with one β-Mo8 anion (4− charge) due to the charge compensation. The inorganic layers were composed of infinite chains of β-Mo8 connected by Na+ along b axis (Figure 1c) as observed in β-Mo8 crystals hybridized with hexadecylpyridinium ([C5H5N(C16H33)]+, C16py) [27,28]. The space between the β-Mo8-Na+ chains were filled by imidazole rings of C10im, which were located in the vicinity of Na+ cations. The imidazole rings of C10im had no π–π stacking interaction. C10im-Na-Mo8 contained two linker Na+ per one β-Mo8, while C16py-Mo8 had one linker Na+ per one β-Mo8. This difference may be due to the difference in the surfactant type (imidazolium or pyridinium). All 1-BuOH molecules of crystallization were bonded to Na+ cations, and the 1-BuOH molecules were neutral as judged from the charge balance between the cations (two C10im and two Na+) and anion (one β-Mo8).
Table
Table 1. Crystallographic data.
Table 1. Crystallographic data.
CompoundC10im-Na-Mo8C12im-Na-Mo8
Chemical formulaC44H55N4Na2Mo8O30C44H94N4Na2Mo8O30
Formula weight1933.431972.73
Crystal systemmonoclinictriclinic
Space groupP21/n (No. 14)P1 (No. 2)
a (Å)20.089 (4)9.5496 (6)
b (Å)8.8791 (18)11.3505 (8)
c (Å)39.931 (9)16.8466 (12)
α (°)–102.283 (8)
β (°)100.301 (3)90.927 (7)
γ (°)–104.802 (8)
V (Å3)7008 (3)1720.2 (3)
Z41
ρcalcd (g·cm−3)1.8321.904
T (K)9393
µ (Mo Kα) (mm−1)1.4721.500
No. of reflections measured7078421352
No. of independent reflections159397869
Rint0.08740.0536
No. of parameters730381
R1 (I > 2σ(I))0.09330.0494
wR2 (all data)0.26120.1276
The organic layers were constructed from decyl groups of C10im cations and butyl groups of 1-BuOH molecules to form bilayer-like structure (Figure 1b). However, these decyl and butyl chains were not interdigitated. Each C10im cation had two gauche C–C bonds in the decyl chain [C7–C8 and C11–C12; C21–C22 and C25–C26 (C26–C27B)], while the other C–C bonds had anti conformation (Figure 1a). The C10im cations had complicatedly bent conformation in their chain structure. The presence of more than two gauche C–C bonds per one alkyl chain was rarely observed for polyoxometalate-surfactant hybrid crystals [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. The C–C bonds in the butyl groups had anti conformation.
The bent C10im cations had several weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds [37] (Figure 2). The hydrogen bonds were formed mainly at the interface between the β-Mo8 and C10im layers. In addition, some C–H···O bonds were present in the vicinity of the gauche C–C bonds. The C···O distance was in the range of 3.11–3.78 Å (mean value: 3.40 Å). The gauche C–C bonds near the end of decyl chain [C11–C12 and C25–C26 (C26–C27B)] had weak C···C interactions between other decyl and butyl chains.

2.2. Crystal Structure of C12im-Na-Mo8

C12im-Na-Mo8 was obtained from as-prepared hybrid of C12im-Mo8 containing β-Mo8 [29]. Suitable crystals of C12im-Na-Mo8 were obtained from ethanol solution under the presence of Na+ or Li+, while C12im-β-Mo8 without Na+ was crystallized from acetonitrile [29].
Crystals 04 00042 g001 1024
Figure 1. Crystal structure of C10im-Na-Mo8. H atoms are omitted for clarity. (a) Asymmetric unit drawn by displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Minor parts of the disordered C atoms are indicated in transparent color; (b) Packing diagram along b axis (Mo8 in polyhedral representations); (c) Molecular arrangements in the inorganic layers. The decyl and butyl groups are omitted for clarity.
Figure 1. Crystal structure of C10im-Na-Mo8. H atoms are omitted for clarity. (a) Asymmetric unit drawn by displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Minor parts of the disordered C atoms are indicated in transparent color; (b) Packing diagram along b axis (Mo8 in polyhedral representations); (c) Molecular arrangements in the inorganic layers. The decyl and butyl groups are omitted for clarity.
Crystals 04 00042 g001
Crystals 04 00042 g002 1024
Figure 2. C–H···O hydrogen bonds in C10im-Na-Mo8 (pink dotted line). Selected hydrogen bonds between Mo8 moiety and C10im are represented [symmetry code: (i) x, −1 + y, z; (ii) x, 1 + y, z]. Na+ and 1-BuOH are omitted for clarity. Minor parts of the disordered C atoms are indicated in transparent color.
Figure 2. C–H···O hydrogen bonds in C10im-Na-Mo8 (pink dotted line). Selected hydrogen bonds between Mo8 moiety and C10im are represented [symmetry code: (i) x, −1 + y, z; (ii) x, 1 + y, z]. Na+ and 1-BuOH are omitted for clarity. Minor parts of the disordered C atoms are indicated in transparent color.
Crystals 04 00042 g002
The formula of C12im-Na-Mo8 was revealed to be [(C12H25)C3H3N2(CH3)]2Na2[γ-Mo8O24(OC2H5)4]·2C2H5OH (Table 1). The anion was γ-type Mo8 coordinated by four ethoxo ligands (Figure 3a) [38,39,40,41]. The dissolved β-Mo8 from as-prepared C12im-Mo8 reacted with ethanol to isomerize into ethoxo-grafted γ-Mo8 anions, which reprecipitated as C12im-γ-Mo8 crystals. The crystal structure of C12im-Na-Mo8 was composed of alternating Mo8 inorganic layers and C12im organic layers with periodicity of 16.4 Å (Figure 3b).
Crystals 04 00042 g003 1024
Figure 3. Crystal structure of C12im-Na-Mo8. H atoms are omitted for clarity. (a) Asymmetric unit together with atoms generated by the symmetry operation to complete Mo8 anion [symmetry code: (i) −x, −y, −z]; Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level; (b) Packing diagram along b axis (Mo8 in polyhedral representations); (c) Molecular arrangements in the inorganic layers. The dodecyl and ethyl groups are omitted for clarity.
Figure 3. Crystal structure of C12im-Na-Mo8. H atoms are omitted for clarity. (a) Asymmetric unit together with atoms generated by the symmetry operation to complete Mo8 anion [symmetry code: (i) −x, −y, −z]; Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level; (b) Packing diagram along b axis (Mo8 in polyhedral representations); (c) Molecular arrangements in the inorganic layers. The dodecyl and ethyl groups are omitted for clarity.
Crystals 04 00042 g003
Two C12im cations (1+ charge) and two Na+ were associated with one γ-Mo8 anion (4− charge). The inorganic layers were composed of infinite chains of γ-Mo8 connected by two linker Na+ cations along a axis (Figure 3c), being similar to C10im-Na-Mo8. The space between the γ-Mo8-Na+ chains are filled by imidazole rings of C12im, which are located in the vicinity of Na+ cations. The imidazole rings of C12im were parallel, but no π–π stacking interaction was observed. One neutral EtOH molecule of crystallization was bonded to each Na+ cation.
The organic layers were composed of dodecyl groups of C12im cations (Figure 3b). The dodecyl chains were bent without interdigitation, being different from other polyoxometalate-surfactant hybrid crystals comprising interdigitated straight surfactant chains. Each C12im cation had three gauche C–C bonds (C6–C7, C11–C12, and C14–C15), resulting in the bent chain conformation of C12im as in the case of C10im-Na-Mo8.
The complicatedly bent C12im cations had several weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds [37] with γ-Mo8 anions (Figure 4). The hydrogen bonds were formed mainly at the interface between the γ-Mo8 and C12im layers, and some C–H···O bonds were present in the vicinity of gauche C–C bonds. The C···O distance was in the range of 2.96–3.70 Å (mean value: 3.32 Å). The gauche C–C bonds (C14–C15) near the end of dodecyl chain had weak C···C interactions between other dodecyl chains and ethyl groups. In addition, there were weak interactions between γ-Mo8 and ethoxo groups of γ-Mo8 (intramolecular C–H···O hydrogen bonds) and between γ-Mo8 and ethanol connected to Na+ (intremolecular C–H···O hydrogen bonds).
Crystals 04 00042 g004 1024
Figure 4. C–H···O hydrogen bonds in C12im-Na-Mo8 (pink dotted line). Selected hydrogen bonds between Mo8 moiety and C12im are represented [symmetry code: (ii) x, −1 + y, z]. Na+, ethyl groups, and EtOH are omitted for clarity.
Figure 4. C–H···O hydrogen bonds in C12im-Na-Mo8 (pink dotted line). Selected hydrogen bonds between Mo8 moiety and C12im are represented [symmetry code: (ii) x, −1 + y, z]. Na+, ethyl groups, and EtOH are omitted for clarity.
Crystals 04 00042 g004

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Syntheses and Methods

All chemical reagents except for imidazolium surfactants were obtained from commercial sources (Wako, Osaka, Japan). As-prepared C10im-Mo8 was precipitated by adding ethanol solution of C10im·Br (0.2 M, 10 mL) [42] to Na2MoO4·2H2O aqueous solution (0.5 M, 10 mL), which was adjusted to pH 3.8 with 6 M HCl. Colorless needle crystals of C10im-Na-Mo8 were obtained from 1-BuOH/acetonitrile (13 mL/2 mL) solution of the as-prepared C10im-Mo8 hybrid (0.10 g) and NaCl (0.02 g) kept at 303–308 K (yield: 21% based on Mo). Some 1-BuOH molecules of crystallization seem to be exchanged with acetonitrile. Anal.: Calculated for C44H90N6Na2Mo8O29: C: 26.68%, H: 4.58%, N: 4.24%. Found: C: 27.08%, H: 4.08%, N: 4.34%. Melting point: 463 K. Infrared (KBr disk): 1165 (w), 937 (s), 914 (s), 901 (m), 839 (m), 707 (s), 669 (m), 619 (w), 577 (w), 555 (w), 525 (w), 480 (w), 453 (w), 413 (m) cm−1.
As-prepared C12im-Mo8 hybrid, a starting precipitate for C12im-Na-Mo8 crystals, was obtained according to the literature [29]. Colorless plate crystals of C12im-Na-Mo8 were crystallized from ethanol (15 mL) solution of the as-prepared C12im-Mo8 hybrid (0.05 g) containing NaNO3 or LiNO3 (0.02–0.03 g) (yield: 15% based on Mo). Some ethoxo ligands of C12im-Na-Mo8 were probably exchanged for hydroxo ligands by the reaction with water in the air, which seems to cause the isomerization of γ-Mo8 to β-Mo8. Anal.: Calculated for C32H66N4Na2Mo8O28: C: 21.73%, H: 3.76%, N: 3.17%. Found: C: 21.27%, H: 3.32%, N: 3.06%. Melting point: 509 K. Infrared (KBr disk): 1167 (w), 1120 (w), 1054 (w), 937 (s), 914 (s), 900 (m), 841 (m), 710 (s), 669 (w), 659 (w), 620 (w), 554 (w), 534 (w), 522 (w), 499 (w), 474 (m), 437 (w), 425 (m), 413 (w), 405 (w) cm−1.

3.2. X-Ray Crystallography

Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on a Rigaku Saturn724 diffractometer with multi-layer mirror monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71075 Å) (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). Diffraction data were collected and processed with CrystalClear [43]. The structure was solved by direct methods [44] for C10im-Na-Mo8 and by heavy-atom Patterson methods for C12im-Na-Mo8 [45]. The refinement procedure was performed by the full-matrix least-squares using SHELXL97 [46]. All calculations were performed using the CrystalStructure [47] software package. Most non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, while the rest were refined isotropically. The hydrogen atoms on C atoms were refined using the riding model. C10im-Na-Mo8 crystals were very fine needles, and the weak reflection intensities may result in relatively high R1 and wR2 values. In the refinement of C10im-Na-Mo8 structure, the hydrogen atoms relevant to the disordered C atoms and on O atoms of 1-BuOH were not included. In the refinement of C12im-Na-Mo8 structure, a hydrogen atom attached to the O atom of ethanol was found in the difference Fourier synthesis and their positional and isotropic displacement parameters were refined. Further details of the crystal structure investigation may be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: (+44)-1223-336-033; or E-Mail: [email protected] (CCDC 980232 and 980233).

4. Conclusions

The hybrid crystals composed of polyoxomolybdate and imidazolium ionic-liquid surfactants, [(C10H21)C3H3N2(CH3)]2Na2[β-Mo8O26]·4[1-BuOH] (C10im-Na-Mo8) and [(C12H25)C3H3N2(CH3)]2Na2[γ-Mo8O24(OC2H5)4]·2C2H5OH (C12im-Na-Mo8), were synthesized. Both hybrid crystals contained octamolybdate (Mo8) anions associated with Na+ to form one-dimensonal Mo8-Na+ chain, although the molecular structures of Mo8 were different (β-Mo8 for C10im-Na-Mo8 and ehoxo-modified γ-Mo8 for C12im-Na-Mo8). The crystal structures comprised alternate stacking of Mo8 monolayers and surfactant layers. Both crystals contained complicatedly bent conformation in the surfactant chain, which is considered to be derived from the weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds. These ionic-liquid hybrid crystals are expected to exhibit specific catalytic property such as esterification, oxidation, or phase transfer catalysis, and to exhibit Na+-ion conductivity.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 23750246), Tokai University Supporters Association Research and Study Grant, Research and Study Program of Tokai University Educational System General Research Organization, and The Noguchi Institute.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ito, T.; Mikurube, K.; Hasegawa, K.; Matsumoto, T.; Kosaka, K.; Naruke, H.; Koguchi, S. Structural Variation in Polyoxomolybdate Hybrid Crystals Comprising Ionic-Liquid Surfactants. Crystals 2014, 4, 42-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4010042

AMA Style

Ito T, Mikurube K, Hasegawa K, Matsumoto T, Kosaka K, Naruke H, Koguchi S. Structural Variation in Polyoxomolybdate Hybrid Crystals Comprising Ionic-Liquid Surfactants. Crystals. 2014; 4(1):42-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4010042

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ito, Takeru, Keisuke Mikurube, Kimiko Hasegawa, Takashi Matsumoto, Kurato Kosaka, Haruo Naruke, and Shinichi Koguchi. 2014. "Structural Variation in Polyoxomolybdate Hybrid Crystals Comprising Ionic-Liquid Surfactants" Crystals 4, no. 1: 42-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst4010042

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