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Article

Effect of Transition Metal Substitution on the Charge-Transfer Phase Transition and Ferromagnetism of Dithiooxalato-Bridged Hetero Metal Complexes, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]

by
Masaya Enomoto
1,*,
Hiromichi Ida
1,
Atsushi Okazawa
2 and
Norimichi Kojima
3
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Division I, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
2
Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
3
Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Crystals 2018, 8(12), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120446
Submission received: 2 October 2018 / Revised: 19 November 2018 / Accepted: 21 November 2018 / Published: 28 November 2018
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of New Spin Crossover Compounds)
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Abstract

:
The dithiooxalato-bridged iron mixed-valence complex (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] (dto = dithiooxalato) undergoes a novel charge-transfer phase transition (CTPT) accompanied by electron transfer between adjacent FeII and FeIII sites. The CTPT influences the ferromagnetic transition temperature according to the change of spin configuration on the iron sites. To reveal the mechanism of the CTPT, we have synthesized the series of metal-substituted complexes (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1-xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] (x = 0–1) and investigated their physical properties by means of magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant measurements. With increasing MnII concentration, x, MnII-substituted complexes show the disappearance of CTPT above x = 0.04, while the ferromagnetic phase remains in the whole range of x. These results are quite different from the physical properties of the ZnII-substituted complex, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1-xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3], which is attributed to the difference of ion radius as well as the spin states of MnII and ZnII.

1. Introduction

Oxalate dianion (ox) is one of the most efficient building components in molecule-based magnets. Owing to its versatile bridging modes [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] as well as its remarkable ability to mediate a strong magnetic interaction between paramagnetic metal ions [11], a large number of ox-based coordination compounds with wide ranges of structures and magnetic properties have been reported [12,13]. Among these compounds, ox-bridged bimetallic complexes [MIIMIII(ox)3]− have been a fascinating target for materials chemistry since the discovery of ferromagnetism in the layered complexes (n-C4H9)4N[MIICrIII(ox)3] (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) [14]. These complexes are composed of a molecular building block of trioxalato-coordinated metal anion, [MIII(ox)3]3−, and a divalent transition metal ion, exhibiting a two-dimensional (2D) sheet or 3D network structure depending on the size, charge and geometry of the counter cation which acts as a template of the formation of the anionic network [13]. In particular, 2D layered complexes accommodate various functional cations as a cation template, obtaining additional functions such as molecular magnetism [15,16,17], spin-crossover [18,19,20,21], photochromism [22], electrical or proton conduction [23,24,25,26,27,28], dielectricity [29], and nonlinear optics [30,31,32] to cooperate with the magnetism of the ox-bridged bimetallic layer.
In the ox-bridged bimetallic network, the ox can be replaced by its bis-sulfur analogue, 1,2-dithiooxalate (dto), and dto-bridged anionic layered complexes [MIIMIII(dto)3]− have actually been developed [33,34]. In this family, the iron mixed-valence complex (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] indicates a reversible charge-transfer phase transition (CTPT) with thermal hysteresis at around 120 K, which is induced by electron transfer between adjacent FeII and FeIII sites as shown in Figure 1 [35,36,37].
In the high-temperature phase (HTP; T > 120 K), FeIII with a low-spin state (S = 1/2) is coordinated by six S atoms, while FeII with a high-spin state (S = 2) is coordinated by six O atoms. On the other hand, in the low-temperature phase (LTP; T < 120 K), the FeO6 and FeS6 sites change to high-spin FeIII (S = 5/2) and diamagnetic low-spin FeII (S = 0) species, respectively, according to the charge transfer. (n-C4H9)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] also exhibits an incomplete CTPT at around 140 K, which results in the coexistence of the HTP and LTP below the CTPT temperature. Contrary to this, (n-CnH2n+1)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] with n = 5 and 6 do not show the CTPT at ambient pressure, and remain in the spin state corresponding to an HTP down to 2 K [38].
The occurrence or absence of the CTPT in (n-CnH2n+1)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] (n = 3–6) affects the ferromagnetic transition temperature (TC), which strongly correlates with the cation size [38,39]. The ferromagnetic transition for (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] occurs at 7 K in the LTP, where the spin state of the FeII ion is diamagnetic. For (n-CnH2n+1)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] (n = 5–6), the ferromagnetically coupled FeII (S = 2) and FeIII (S = 1/2) ions contribute a higher TC of ~20 K, which is thanks to the absence of the CTPT. Furthermore, the coexistence of the LTP and HTP in (n-C4H9)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] affords respective magnetic ordering at 7 K and 13 K. Thus, the CTPT is a quite important ingredient for the comprehension of magnetic behavior based on the spin states of the metal ions.
Recently, we investigated the magnetic dilution effect on the ferromagnetic transition and the CTPT behavior of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] with the employment of the magnetic diluted system, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3] (x = 0–1) [40,41]. Judging from the results of magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant measurements, the CTPT is rapidly suppressed by the substitution of a diamagnetic ZnII for the FeII ions in the low substituted ratio x, and it is absent in x > 0.13. Such a low critical ZnII-substituted ratio arises from the high cooperativity of the electron transfer in the CTPT. As a result of the suppression of the CTPT, the TC was enhanced with the substituted ratio x increased from 0.00 to 0.05. With further increasing of x, TC monotonically decreases and disappears above x = 0.96. The introduction of nonmagnetic ZnII ions into the FeII sites of the [FeIIFeIII(dto)3]− layer causes the disconnection of the ferromagnetic exchange pathway, which causes the decrement of TC.
Thus, nonmagnetic dilution in (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] simultaneously induces both a disconnection of the ferromagnetic exchange pathway and the suppression of the CTPT; therefore, a further experiment should be performed to elucidate metal-ion substitution effects on magnetic properties in (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3]. Substitution with a paramagnetic metal ion is expected to suppress the CTPT without the disconnection of the ferromagnetic exchange pathway. From this viewpoint, we have synthesized new MnII-substituted complexes (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] to investigate the effect of magnetic-ion substitution on the CTPT and the magnetic properties of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] by means of magnetic and dielectric constant measurements. Furthermore, a magnetic phase diagram of this system is discussed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Preparation

Potassium dithiooxalate, K2(dto), was prepared according to reference [42,43]. The precursor KBa[Fe(dto)3]·3H2O was also obtained in accordance with the literature [44]. Commercially available reagents and solvents were used without further purification for raw materials.
(n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] were prepared by a similar way to the previously reported method [40,41], except for MnCl2·4H2O (KANTO CHAMICAL CO., INC., Tokyo, Japan) being used instead of ZnCl2 (KANTO CHAMICAL CO., INC., Tokyo, Japan). The appropriate amount (x equivalent to the FeIII source) of MnCl2·4H2O was used according to a reduced amount of FeCl2·4H2O (KANTO CHAMICAL CO., INC., Tokyo, Japan) (see Table 1 in the Section 3.1.1).

2.2. Characterization

Since the molar fractions of raw materials in the reaction mixture were not directly reflected in the substituted ratio of MnII for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3], the composition of transition-metal ions in (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS; JEOL, EX-37001) in a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM; JEOL, JSM-7001F/SHL). Energy spectra of EDS for selected samples are shown in Figure A1. The peaks of Fe Kα and Mn Kα were used for the determination of the substituted ratio.
The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of all these complexes was measured by Rigaku, RINT2500 using Cu Kα radiation at room temperature.

2.3. Measurements of Physical Properties

The static magnetic susceptibility was measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) susceptometer (Quantum Design Japan, Tokyo, Japan, MPMS-5 or MPMS-XL7AC). The measuring temperature range and static field were set to 2–300 K and 5000 Oe, respectively. The diamagnetic contributions were corrected by the application of Pascal’s law. The magnetic moment and the magnetic interaction were estimated by fitting the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility in a high temperature region with the Curie–Weiss law, χ = C/(T − θ). C and θ denote the Curie constant and the Weiss temperature, respectively. The temperature dependence of the zero-field-cooled magnetization (ZFCM) and the field-cooled magnetization (FCM) were measured in the temperature range of 2–30 K under 30 Oe. The remnant magnetization (RM) was measured in the same temperature range under a zero field. The ac magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed in the temperature range of 2–40 K under an ac magnetic field of 3 Oe and frequency range of 10–1000 Hz.
The temperature dependence of dielectric constants was measured by an impedance gain phase analyzer (AMETEK Japan, Tokyo, Japan, Solartron 1260 equipped with a Solartron 1269). The sample was shaped as a pellet and contacted by thin gold wire using the two-probe method. The temperature and the frequency range were selected as 4−300 K and 1 Hz to 1 MHz, respectively.

3. Results

3.1. Characterization

3.1.1. The Composition of Metallic Ions

The actual ratio of metallic ions was determined by EDS. Table 1 shows the preparation ratio of raw materials and the resultant substitution ratio of x for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. We often found a difference of the molar fractions between the reaction mixtures and resulting powdered samples. The MnII-substitution ratios tend to become lower than the expected value of the corresponding prepared starting materials. The result indicates that the MnII ion is not efficiently incorporated into the dto layer compared with the FeII ion, while the ZnII-ion uptake into the layer is significantly preferred to the FeII ion [40,41]. Such a MII-substitution tendency reflects the Irving–Williams order (MnII < FeII < ZnII) of the stability for the ox ligand [45,46].

3.1.2. Powder X-Ray Analysis

Figure 2 shows the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3].
The numbers hkl in Figure 2 indicate the indices of Bragg reflections, which are based on the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] [37]. Judging from the crystal structure of the parent (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] in the P63 space group [38], the maximum peaks at around 2θ of 11° for all complexes can be assigned to the 002 reflection from interlayer stacking of [FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]− honeycomb sheet along the c-axis. The 2θ value of this reflection is almost independent of the substituted ratio x, indicating that the layer distance is regulated by the size of the intercalated cation. The smallest 2θ peaks around 10° are derived from the 100 reflection correlated with the lattice length along the intralayer direction. The peaks apparently shifted to a lower angle with the increasing of x. This finding indicates the elongation of the unit cell length of a (= b), which is reasonable considering the order of metal-ion radii (MnII > FeII). Similarly, the 110 peak reflected in the intralayer direction shows a tendency to shift toward a lower angle with the increasing of x.
The reflections of 10l are quite weak in some complexes, while the 11l reflections remain intense for all measuring complexes. In layered structures, the existence of stacking faults should often be taken into consideration, because the interlayer interaction is weak in general. The difference between hexagonal and cubic close packing is the simple example of periodicity along the stacking layers. In fact, ox-bridged hetero metal complexes show mixed structures between the space groups of P63 and R3c [47,48,49,50,51]. Indeed, (n-C3H7)4N[MnIIFeIII(ox)3] was determined as a biphasic structure of P63 and R3c with a 20–30% faulting probability of layer stacking, judging from the simulation of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [52]. A high faulting probability in complexes causes the broadening of some diffraction peaks (e.g., 11l indices) related with stacking vectors along the a + b direction.
It should be mentioned that the magnetic properties of the [FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]− layer systematically depend on the change of the substituted ratio x (see below) although the stacking manner is different among the series of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3].

3.2. Physical Properties for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]

3.2.1. Magnetism of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] and a Series of Nonmagnetic Substituted Complexes

In the case of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3], the characteristic behavior of CTPT in magnetic susceptibility shows the existence of a thermal hysteresis loop, which is induced by the cooperative effect of electron transfer between FeII–FeIII sites. The CTPT also provides a lower TC for LTP with the spin configuration of FeII(S = 0)-FeIII(S = 5/2) compared with the TC for HTP with the spin configuration of FeII(S = 2)-FeIII(S = 1/2). The magnetic interaction in the LTP is weaker than that in the HTP because of the diamagnetic nature of FeII [38].
Moreover, the substitution of diamagnetic ZnII for FeII indicated the following behavior. (a) The effective magnetic moment (μeff) decreases with an increased substituted ratio, x, in the temperature range of the paramagnetic region. (b) The CTPT is suppressed by the substitution of ZnII for FeII at a critical substituted ratio between x = 0.05 and 0.13. (c) The TC is once enhanced in the low substituted ratio in x < 0.05 and then decreases with the increasing of x. This peculiar substituted ratio dependence of the TC is explained by the switching between the LTP and HTP with the small amount of substitution with ZnII.
Based on the characteristic magnetic properties of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] and its ZnII substituted system, we have investigated the effect of the substitution of MnII for FeII on the CTPT and ferromagnetism.

3.2.2. Magnetism of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]

Figure 3a shows the temperature dependence of the molar magnetic susceptibility multiplied by temperature, χT, in the MnII-substituted system with selected substituted ratios of x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.77 and 1.00. The χT values at 300 K fall into the range of 4.5–5.1 emu K mol−1. Upon cooling below 50 K, the χT values for the complexes with x ≤ 0.77 increase rapidly to reach a maximum and then decrease. This behavior is the signature of the presence of ferromagnetic ordering in these complexes. As for x = 1.00, on the other hand, the χT value decreases slowly on cooling down to 7 K, then increases toward a small maximum at around 5 K, and then decreases down to 2 K, which is shown in the inset of Figure 3a. As discussed later, the dominant magnetic interaction for x = 1.00 is a ferromagnetic one; thus, the small maximum at around 5 K can be attributed to the presence of ferromagnetic ordering. The decrease of χT with decreasing temperature, except for the maximum point at around 5 K, presumably arises from the orbital contribution of the FeIII ion. In connection with this, the following should be noted. In the case of the low-spin state (t2g5, S = 1/2) of FeIII with a first-order orbital angular momentum in isolated octahedra, μeff(FeIII) decreases with decreasing temperature [53,54]. In fact, μeff(FeIII) in KBa[FeIII(dto)3]‧3H2O gradually drops with the temperature decreasing below 50 K [55].
For the complexes with a quite low MnII concentration of 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04, the χT curves exhibit a thermal hysteresis owing to the CTPT at around 110 K (Figure 3b). This thermal hysteresis in χT completely disappears for x ≥ 0.09 (Figure 3c). Furthermore, in the vicinity of the CTPT, a small drop in the χT value is observed for x = 0.00 and 0.01, which arises from the difference in the μeff between HTP and LTP. These results suggest that the substitution of MnII for FeII successively suppresses the CTPT in the low MnII concentration region and completely suppresses it for x ≥ 0.09.
The application of the Curie–Weiss law to these data gives the Curie constant, C, and the Weiss temperature, θ, for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. The obtained C value ranges within 4.31–4.86 emu K mol−1, which is slightly larger than that expected for the spin-only values of the constituent metal ions, FeII (S = 2), MnII (S = 5/2) and FeIII (S = 1/2). This difference can be explained by the anisotropic g-value of FeII as mentioned in the previous work [38]. Figure 4 shows the MnII-substituted ratio, with x dependent on the Weiss temperature, θ. Although the θ value tends to decrease with increasing MnII concentration, it remains positive over the whole x range.
In order to elucidate the ferromagnetic phase transition in this system, we investigated the temperature dependences of the FCM, ZFCM and RM. These results are shown in Figure 5. For x = 0.00 (i.e., (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3]), a ferromagnetic phase transition occurred at TC = 7 K, being estimated from the bifurcation of the FCM and ZFCM curves and the vanishing point of the RM (Figure 5a). For x = 0.01, a slight splitting between FCM and ZFCM curves in addition to non-zero RM was observed below 12 K, while a large deviation of these curves was found below 7 K (Figure 5b). Such a two-step transition behavior in FCM and ZFCM implies the coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases accompanied by an incomplete CTPT. It should be noted that the diamagnetic low-spin state of FeII in the LTP fragment is responsible for the lower TC value. A similar two-step transition also progresses in the complexes for x = 0.02 and 0.04 ( Figure 5c,d). The TC values for the HTP fragment in these complexes apparently increased, which are estimated to be 20 and 15 K, respectively. Meanwhile, the lower TC values derived from the LTP fragment are supposed to be almost invariant. This implies that the MnII substitution does not affect the magnetism of the LTP. For x ≥ 0.09, the lower-temperature transition corresponding to the LTP fragment disappears (Figure 5e–h) owing to the absence of the CTPT. The TC values for these complexes are estimated at 12 K, 10 K, 5 K and 4 K for x = 0.09, 0.31, 0.77 and 1.00, respectively.
To further confirm the coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases and to determine TC, the ac magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed for x = 0.00–0.04. The temperature dependences of the in-phase signal (χ′) and out-of-phase one (χ″) are shown in Figure 6. For x = 0.01, the χ′ peaks were observed as broad maxima at 15 K and 7 K, together with the increased χ″ value foreshowing a maximum or shoulder peak, which corresponds to the development of a ferromagnetic ordered state coming from the HTP component (Figure 6b). Similarly, we can evaluate the TCs of the HTP and LTP for x = 0.02 and 0.04 as 16 K and 7 K, respectively (Figure 6c,d). These data clearly confirm the presence of two ferromagnetic phases for x = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04. The TC for the LTP fragment in these complexes are determined to be 7 K, which is identical to the TC value for x = 0.00 (Figure 6a). Such an independence of the TC value for the LTP fragment on the MnII-substituted ratio indicates that the vicinity of the dopant MnII ions is no longer in the LTP spin state because of the suppression of the CTPT, and hence the ferromagnetic phase transition in the LTP component in (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] is unaffected by dopant MnII ions. In connection with this, it should be noted that similar behavior has already been reported for the magnetic dilution system, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3] [40,41].

3.2.3. Dielectric Constant Measurements of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]

The dielectric constant measurement is suitable to detect the CTPT in the series of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] as well as the ZnII-substituted analogues [40,41]. Figure 7 shows the temperature dependence of the dielectric constants (ε′) for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] measured at 0.1 MHz. For the complexes with a low MnII concentration of x ≤ 0.04, an anomalous enhancement of ε′ accompanied by a thermal hysteresis was observed at around 120 K, which corresponds to the occurrence of the CTPT in these complexes (Figure 7a–d). For the complexes with x ≥ 0.09, such an anomaly is no longer observed (Figure 7e–h). These results confirm that the complexes in the low MnII-substituted region (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) exhibit CTPT, whereas it is completely suppressed for x ≥ 0.09. As a result of the dielectric constant and magnetic measurements, we can define the critical substituted ratio for the disappearance of CTPT, estimated at around 0.09 > x > 0.04.

4. Discussion

As shown in Figure 4, the θ value for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] decreases abruptly in the low MnII concentration ratio of x and tends to decrease monotonically with increasing MnII concentration, while θ remains positive even at x = 1.00. This result indicates the ferromagnetic exchange coupling of the nearest neighbor MnII–FeIII pair as well as the FeII–FeIII one.
Figure 8 shows the schematic mechanism of ferromagnetic ordering for the LTP and HTP of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] and (n-C3H7)4N[MnIIFeIII(dto)3]. As mentioned in the previous literature [38,56], the LTP contains the low-spin state of FeII (t2g6: S = 0) and the high-spin state of FeIII (t2g4eg2: S = 5/2), respectively, where the super-exchange interaction via the continuous bridging structure of FeIII–dto–FeII–dto–FeIII is presumably very small and antiferromagnetic if 3D electrons are localized. In the case of the LTP of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3], the charge transfer interaction between the FeII and FeIII sites gives a perturbation to the wave function of the ground state; therefore, the wave function can be described as Ψ = 1 − α 2 {φi(FeII(t2g6))φj(FeIII(t2g3eg2))} + α{φi(FeIII(t2g5))φj(FeII(t2g4eg2))}, where α denotes the normalization coefficient for the component of charge transfer interaction. Each FeIII site in LTP accepts a t2g electron with down spin, because both of the t2g and eg orbitals in the FeIII site are half occupied. Therefore, the perturbed term of φi(FeIII(t2g5))φj(FeII(t2g4eg2)) achieves the ferromagnetic coupling between the spin configuration of FeII and FeIII. Consequently, the coupling between the ground configuration of φi(FeII(t2g6))φj(FeIII(t2g3eg2)) and the forward charge transfer configuration of φi(FeIII(t2g5))φj(FeII(t2g4eg2)) stabilizes the ground state and therefore favors the ferromagnetic ordering. In this way, the charge transfer between the FeII (S = 0) and FeIII (S = 5/2) sites induces the ferromagnetic ordering in the LTP.
In the case of the HTP fragment of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3], each FeIII site with a low-spin state (t2g5: S = 1/2) accepts a t2g electron with down spin from the adjacent FeII site with a high-spin state (t2g4eg2: S = 2). Therefore, the hybridization between the ground state of φi(FeIII(t2g5))φj(FeII(t2g4eg2)) and the forward charge transfer state of φi(FeII(t2g6))φj(FeIII(t2g3eg2)) stabilizes the ground state, which favors the ferromagnetic ordering. Furthermore, in addition to the charge transfer interaction (JCT), there are also three potential exchange interactions (JP) causing ferromagnetic interaction due to the orbital orthogonality and one kinetic exchange interaction (JK) causing antiferromagnetic interaction due to the orbital overlap between the adjacent FeIIIS6 and FeIIO6 sites. The sum of JCT and JP is considered to be stronger than JK, which is responsible for the ferromagnetic ordering with higher TC for the HTP fragment of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3].
In the case of (n-C3H7)4N[MnIIFeIII(dto)3], there are four JPs and one JK. The sum of the potential exchange interaction is considered to be stronger than the kinetic exchange interaction, which is responsible for the ferromagnetic ordering. Actually, the ferromagnetic ordering of (n-C3H7)4N[MnIIFeIII(dto)3] has already been reported by Carling et al. [57], in which both TC and θ were estimated at 10 K from the analysis of 1/χ as a function of temperature.
TC as a function of x for (n-C3H7)4[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] is shown in Figure 9. An enhancement of TC from 7 K to 20 K (x = 0.00 to 0.02) is ascribed to the appearance of the HTP fragment exhibiting the higher TC. As with the case of (n-C3H7)4[FeII1−xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3] [40,41], the LTP fragment is unaffected by dopant MnII ions, and thus the LTP fragment in all these complexes possesses the same TC value of 7 K. With the further increasing of x above 0.04, TC decreases monotonically, corresponding to the lowering of the ferromagnetic interaction, to reach a minimum value of 4 K for x = 1.00.
The detection of the CTPT can be achieved by both the magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant measurements. From the results of magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant measurements, the phase diagram for (n-C3H7)4[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] is determined as shown in Figure 10. The legends in this diagram were assigned as follows. TC(HTP or LTP): the ferromagnetic transition temperature for the HTP or LTP, determined by the FCM, ZFCM, and RM measurements; T↑ or T↓(CT): the upper or lower limit of the thermal hysteresis in the dielectric constant measurement; PHTP or FHTP: paramagnetic or ferromagnetic phase with the HTP spin configuration; Pmix or Fmix: paramagnetic or ferromagnetic phase with a mixed state of the HTP and LTP spin configuration, respectively.
As shown in Figure 10, the paramagnetic phase corresponding to the HTP (PHTP) appears within the whole MnII concentration region at room temperature. The MnII-substituted complexes with the low x values of 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.04 exhibit the CT phase in the temperature range between T↑(CT) and T↓(CT). In this region, the CTPT raises the dynamic oscillation between FeII and FeIII, which is found by μSR measurement [58,59]. Below T↓(CT), the paramagnetic phase for the complexes with 0.00 < x ≤ 0.04, which is denoted as Pmix in Figure 10, becomes the mixing state between the LTP and HTP as a result of the partial suppression of the CTPT. The complexes in this x region undergo a ferromagnetic phase transition within the HTP domain at TC(HTP), below which the ferromagnetic phase with a spin state of a mixture of the LTP and HTP (Fmix) appears as already mentioned in Section 3.2.2. The complexes with further high x region (i.e. x > 0.04) stay in the PHTP phase down to TC(HTP), reflecting the complete suppression of the CTPT, and undergo a ferromagnetic phase transition within the HTP spin state at this temperature. Below TC(HTP), the complexes in this x region are in the ferromagnetic phase with the spin state of the HTP (FHTP).
Although the phase diagram of the magnetically substituted complexes (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] is essentially similar to that for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3], the major difference between these two systems is the ferromagnetic ordering in the high dopant concentration region; i.e., the ferromagnetic phase appears in the whole MnII concentration range in the present case, while it was not found for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3] [40,41]. The disappearance of the ferromagnetic phase in the latter case is a result of the disconnection of the ferromagnetic exchange pathway by ZnII-substitution, since there is no magnetic interaction between FeIII and nonmagnetic ZnII. In contrast to this, on the basis of the analysis of the magnetic data, the ferromagnetic interaction between MnII and FeIII through the dto bridge in (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] is operating, though weaker than that for FeII–FeIII, and hence the ferromagnetic exchange pathway is maintained over the whole substitution range. This feature is responsible for the existence of the ferromagnetic phase across the whole substitution range in the phase diagram of this system.
Moreover, the critical substituted ratio for the disappearance of the CTPT is unexpectedly low compared with that for the series of ZnII-substituted complexes, whose CTPT is completely suppressed in the substituted ratio between x = 0.13 and 0.26 [40,41]. Considering the ion radii between MnII and FeII, the substitution of MnII for FeII tends to expand the honeycomb structure in the magnetic layer of [FeIIFeIII(dto)3]−. It causes the suppression of HTP in the same manner for the cation-extended complex, (n-C5H11)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] [38]. A cooperative effect of the CTPT in the low dimensional system has been effectively terminated by the substitution of MnII with remaining the ferromagnetic interaction.

5. Conclusions

We investigated the effect of metal substitution on the CTPT and the ferromagnetic phase transition for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1-xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] (x = 0–1). The existence of the CTPT strongly depends on the MnII-substituted ratio of x. The series of MnII-substituted complexes consist of the structures combined in the space group of P63 and R3c because of the stacking fault between adjacent magnetic layers of [FeII1-xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]–. However, since the magnetic behavior is mainly governed by the intralayer magnetic structure, we can discuss the substituted ratio dependence of their physical properties.
From the results of the magnetic and dielectric measurements, the substitution of MnII suppressed the CTPT, leading to the disappearance of CTPT above x = 0.04. The finding indicates that MnII substitution is more effective at diminishing the CTPT compared with ZnII substitution (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1-xZnIIxFeIII(dto)3] (critical substituted ratio: 0.13 < x < 0.26) due to the large MnII-ion radius in addition to the high cooperativity of the charge transfer phenomenon, as discussed in the case of ZnII-substituted complexes.
In contrast to such a substitution effect on the CTPT, the ferromagnetic phase was observed in the whole range of x for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1–xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3], while it disappears above x = 0.83 for the ZnII-substituted one. In particular, the ferromagnetic transition temperature (TC) was enhanced in a lower region of x = 0.2–0.4, although the magnetic interaction between MnII and FeIII ions is supposed to be weaker than that of FeII–FeIII ions considering the estimated Weiss temperatures. Such an enhancement of TC is caused by the increment of the high-temperature phase with the higher TC, which originates in the suppression of the CTPT.
The difference between the MnII and ZnII-substituted complexes is based on the magnetic interaction between MII and FeIII. In the case of the ZnII-substituted complex, the nonmagnetic ZnII prevents the ferromagnetic interaction between the FeII and FeIII and induces an antiferromagnetic exchange pathway of FeIII-ZnII-FeIII through the medium of nonmagnetic ZnII. The antiferromagnetic interaction between FeIII and FeIII compensates for the ferromagnetic interaction between FeII and FeIII at around x = 0.83, and the θ becomes zero. Above x = 0.83, the absolute value of the negative Weiss temperature rapidly increases with increasing x. On the other hand, in the case of the MnII-substituted complex, both the FeII-FeIII and MnII-FeIII magnetic interactions are ferromagnetic, which is responsible for the positive Weiss temperature in the whole range of x, in contrast to the ZnII-substituted complexes, which is due to the substitution of the magnetic ions.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.E.; methodology, M.E.; validation, M.E., H.I., A.O. and N.K.; formal analysis, H.I. and A.O.; investigation, M.E. and N.K.; resources, M.E.; data curation, H.I., A.O. and M.E.; writing—original draft preparation, M.E.; writing—review and editing, A.O. and N.K.; visualization, M.E.; supervision, M.E.; project administration, M.E.; funding acquisition, M.E.

Funding

This research was funded by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (No. 19750105) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Crystals 08 00446 g0a1a 550Crystals 08 00446 g0a1b 550
Figure A1. Energy spectra of EDS for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] with (a) x = 0 and (b) x = 1.00.
Figure A1. Energy spectra of EDS for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] with (a) x = 0 and (b) x = 1.00.
Crystals 08 00446 g0a1aCrystals 08 00446 g0a1b

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Figure 1. Schematic representation of the charge-transfer phase transition (CTPT) in (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3].
Figure 1. Schematic representation of the charge-transfer phase transition (CTPT) in (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3].
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Figure 2. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] at 300 K.
Figure 2. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] at 300 K.
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Figure 3. Magnetic behavior of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1-xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. (a) Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility multiplied by temperature (χT) for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3], (b,c) are expanded figures for x = 0.00 to 0.04 and 0.09, respectively.
Figure 3. Magnetic behavior of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1-xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. (a) Temperature dependence of the molar susceptibility multiplied by temperature (χT) for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3], (b,c) are expanded figures for x = 0.00 to 0.04 and 0.09, respectively.
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Figure 4. Weiss temperature as a function of substituted ratio (x) for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3].
Figure 4. Weiss temperature as a function of substituted ratio (x) for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3].
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Figure 5. Temperature dependence of magnetization for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. FC (rhombus): field-cooled, ZFC (circle): zero-field-cooled and RM (square): remnant magnetization. H = 30 Oe. (a–h) These figures correspond to the magnetization curves for x =0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.09, 0.31, 0.77 and 1.00, respectively.
Figure 5. Temperature dependence of magnetization for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. FC (rhombus): field-cooled, ZFC (circle): zero-field-cooled and RM (square): remnant magnetization. H = 30 Oe. (a–h) These figures correspond to the magnetization curves for x =0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.09, 0.31, 0.77 and 1.00, respectively.
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Figure 6. Temperature dependences of the in-phase (χ′, filled circle) and out-of-phase (χ″, open circle) ac magnetic susceptibilities for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] at 10 (blue), 100 (green) and 1000 Hz (red). (a–d) These figures correspond to the magnetization curves for x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04, respectively.
Figure 6. Temperature dependences of the in-phase (χ′, filled circle) and out-of-phase (χ″, open circle) ac magnetic susceptibilities for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] at 10 (blue), 100 (green) and 1000 Hz (red). (a–d) These figures correspond to the magnetization curves for x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04, respectively.
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Figure 7. Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant, ε′, for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] at an electric field of 0.1 MHz. (a–h) These figures correspond to the magnetization curves for x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.09, 0.31, 0.77 and 1.00, respectively.
Figure 7. Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant, ε′, for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] at an electric field of 0.1 MHz. (a–h) These figures correspond to the magnetization curves for x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.09, 0.31, 0.77 and 1.00, respectively.
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Figure 8. Origin of the ferromagnetic ordering for the LTP and HTP of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] and (n-C3H7)4N[MnIIFeIII(dto)3]. JCT, JP, and JK indicate the charge transfer interaction, potential exchange interaction, and kinetic exchange interaction, respectively.
Figure 8. Origin of the ferromagnetic ordering for the LTP and HTP of (n-C3H7)4N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] and (n-C3H7)4N[MnIIFeIII(dto)3]. JCT, JP, and JK indicate the charge transfer interaction, potential exchange interaction, and kinetic exchange interaction, respectively.
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Figure 9. Variation of the ferromagnetic transition temperature (TC) with x for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] in (●) the high-temperature phase and (○) low-temperature phase. Inset shows the extended figure in the low MnII concentration region. The dashed lines are a guide for the eyes.
Figure 9. Variation of the ferromagnetic transition temperature (TC) with x for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] in (●) the high-temperature phase and (○) low-temperature phase. Inset shows the extended figure in the low MnII concentration region. The dashed lines are a guide for the eyes.
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Figure 10. Phase diagram of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3].
Figure 10. Phase diagram of (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3].
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Table
Table 1. The relation between the molar fraction of raw materials in the reaction mixture and resulting values of x for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] determined by EDS. EDS: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Table 1. The relation between the molar fraction of raw materials in the reaction mixture and resulting values of x for (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3] determined by EDS. EDS: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
Ratio of raw materials0.000.010.070.050.280.500.801.00
Resulting values of x0.000.010.020.040.090.310.771.00

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Enomoto, M.; Ida, H.; Okazawa, A.; Kojima, N. Effect of Transition Metal Substitution on the Charge-Transfer Phase Transition and Ferromagnetism of Dithiooxalato-Bridged Hetero Metal Complexes, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. Crystals 2018, 8, 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120446

AMA Style

Enomoto M, Ida H, Okazawa A, Kojima N. Effect of Transition Metal Substitution on the Charge-Transfer Phase Transition and Ferromagnetism of Dithiooxalato-Bridged Hetero Metal Complexes, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]. Crystals. 2018; 8(12):446. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120446

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enomoto, Masaya, Hiromichi Ida, Atsushi Okazawa, and Norimichi Kojima. 2018. "Effect of Transition Metal Substitution on the Charge-Transfer Phase Transition and Ferromagnetism of Dithiooxalato-Bridged Hetero Metal Complexes, (n-C3H7)4N[FeII1−xMnIIxFeIII(dto)3]" Crystals 8, no. 12: 446. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst8120446

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