Upcycling of HDPE Milk Bottles into High-Stiffness, High-HDT Composites with Pineapple Leaf Waste Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Composite Preparation
2.3. Characterizations
2.3.1. Fiber Chemical Composition
2.3.2. Mechanical Properties
2.3.3. Morphological Properties
2.3.4. Thermal Properties
3. Results
3.1. Pineapple Leaf Waste Material Characteristics
3.2. Prepreg and Sheet Composite Characteristics
3.3. Mechanical Properties of Composites
3.4. Thermal Properties
3.4.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.4.2. HDT
3.5. Fracture Surfaces
4. Discussion and Application Example of rHDPE Composite
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Code | rHDPE (wt.%) | Filler (wt.%) | MAPE (wt.%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NFM | PALF | |||
rHDPE | 100 | - | - | - |
10NFM | 90 | 10 | - | - |
15NFM | 85 | 15 | - | - |
20NFM | 80 | 20 | - | - |
20NFM-MAPE | 70 | 20 | - | 10 |
10PALF | 90 | - | 10 | - |
15PALF | 85 | - | 15 | - |
20PALF | 80 | - | 20 | - |
20PALF-MAPE | 70 | - | 20 | 10 |
Sample | Cellulose (%) | Holocellulose (%) | Lignin (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acid Soluble | Acid Insoluble | |||
NFM | 32.56 | 72.62 | 3.04 | 18.50 |
PALF | 57.19 | 85.49 | 2.61 | 7.82 |
Sample | Content (%) | First Heating | Cooling | Second Heating | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tm (°C) | Tc (°C) | Tm (°C) | Xc (%) | ||
rHDPE | 0 | 129.8 | 119.6 | 132.8 | 73.9 |
NFM | 10 | 133.0 | 119.6 | 133.5 | 78.2 |
15 | 132.0 | 119.3 | 132.6 | 76.6 | |
20 | 131.2 | 119.1 | 132.1 | 75.8 | |
20 * | 130.3 | 119.4 | 131.9 | 69.9 | |
PALF | 10 | 133.5 | 120.0 | 134.2 | 79.4 |
15 | 130.6 | 118.3 | 131.1 | 75.6 | |
20 | 130.1 | 118.3 | 131.0 | 75.3 | |
20 * | 131.1 | 119.2 | 131.5 | 70.5 |
Fiber | Preparation Method (Mixing/Molding) | Flexural Strength | Flexural Modulus | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Matrix (MPa) | Composite (MPa) | Increment (%) | Matrix (MPa) | Composite (MPa) | Increment (%) | |||
PALF (20 wt.%) | TRM/CM | 33.7 | 54.6 (57.7) | 62 (71) | 1256 | 2567 (2375) | 104 (89) | This work |
NFM (20 wt.%) | TRM/CM | 33.7 | 39.8 (43.3) | 18 (28) | 1256 | 1905 (1607) | 52 (28) | This work |
Coconut (20 wt.%) * | ITM/CM | 19.9 | 16.5 | −17 | 581 | 647 | 11 | [37] |
Flax (20 wt.%) | TSW/IM | - | - | - | 592 | 636 | 7 | [38] |
Maple (30 wt.%) ** | Dry blending/CM | 19.6 | 26.2 | 34 | 953 | 1323 | 39 | [56] |
Hemp (20 wt.%) *** | IM | 22.6 | 22.6 | 0 | - | - | - | [62] |
Sisal (10 wt.%) | SSE/IM | 20.3 | 25.4 | 25 | 714 | 1123 | 57 | [63] |
Abaca (30 wt.%) | ITM/IM | 21.3 | 30.1 (50.3) | 41 (136) | - | - | - | [64] |
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Amornsakchai, T.; Duangsuwan, S. Upcycling of HDPE Milk Bottles into High-Stiffness, High-HDT Composites with Pineapple Leaf Waste Materials. Polymers 2023, 15, 4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244697
Amornsakchai T, Duangsuwan S. Upcycling of HDPE Milk Bottles into High-Stiffness, High-HDT Composites with Pineapple Leaf Waste Materials. Polymers. 2023; 15(24):4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244697
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmornsakchai, Taweechai, and Sorn Duangsuwan. 2023. "Upcycling of HDPE Milk Bottles into High-Stiffness, High-HDT Composites with Pineapple Leaf Waste Materials" Polymers 15, no. 24: 4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15244697