The Influence of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particle Size and Crystalline Form on the Microstructure and UV Protection Factor of Polyester Substrates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials
2.2. Treatments
2.3. Characterization
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- Molecular weight determination
- Yarns and fabric parameters
- Determination of the orientation of the molecules (sonic modulus)
- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
- UPF determination
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RN | RM | AN | AM | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial reference | MT-500HD Tayca Corporation | KRONOS 2360 | AMT-600 Tayca Corporation | KRONOS 1071 |
Particle size (nm) | 30 | 190 | 30 | 220 |
Crystalline form | Rutile | Rutile | Anatase | Anatase |
Specific surface area (m2/g) | 48 | 13–17 | 52 | 9–11 |
Composition (%) | TiO2: 85 Al2O3: 1–15 ZrO2: 1–10 | TiO2 ≥ 92 Al2O3: 3–3.8 SiO2: 2.4–3 C: 0.18–0.2 | TiO2: 80–98 | TiO2 ≥ 96 Al2O3: 1–1.2 SiO2: 0.5–0.7 P2O5: 0.3–0.4 C: 0.15–0.25 |
Characteristics | Value |
---|---|
Appearance | Pale yellow pellets |
Acid Index (mg KOH/g) | 15–20 |
Saponification index (mg KOH/g) | 140–160 |
Viscosity (mPa·s) | ~20 |
Density (23 °C) (g/cm3) | ~1.02 |
Sample | TiO2 (%) | Dispersing Agent (%) | Linear Density of Non-Drawn Yarn (tex) | Linear Density of Drawn Yarn (tex) |
---|---|---|---|---|
RN | 1.8 | 1.8 | 26.9 | 17.6 |
RM | 2 | 2 | 23.7 | 14.1 |
AN | 2 | 2 | 27.4 | 18.3 |
AM | 2 | 2 | 27.7 | 17.0 |
PET | -- | -- | 28.9 | 15.8 |
Sample | (kg/mol) | (kg/mol) | Polydispersity () |
---|---|---|---|
PET-RN | 21.0 | 42.9 | 2.0 |
PET-RM | 23.0 | 45.1 | 2.0 |
PET-AN | 23.3 | 46.7 | 2.0 |
PET-AM | 23.2 | 44.4 | 2.0 |
PET | 27.6 | 51.5 | 2.0 |
Sample | Tc (°C) | ΔHc (J/g) |
---|---|---|
PET-RN | 202.8 | −52.4 ± 0.2 |
PET-RM | 205.3 | −52.7 ± 1.2 |
PET-AN | 206.3 | −52.9 ± 0.4 |
PET-AM | 206.3 | −54.7 ± 0.4 |
PET | 200.3 | −48.4 ± 0.3 |
Sample | Lineal Density (tex) | Tenacity (cN/dtex) | Elongation (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Drawn | Drawn | Non-Drawn | Drawn | Non-Drawn | Drawn | |
PET-RN | 26.9 | 17.6 | 1.14 ± 0.12 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 150.9 ± 9.2 | 20.6 ± 3.9 |
PET-RM | 23.7 | 14.1 | 1.25 ± 0.11 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 140.1 ± 7.2 | 17.5 ± 2.4 |
PET-AN | 27.4 | 18.3 | 1.32 ± 0.12 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 148.7 ± 6.1 | 27.2 ± 4.7 |
PET-AM | 27.7 | 17.0 | 1.18 ± 0.10 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 140.3 ± 6.2 | 21.5 ± 2.1 |
PET | 28.9 | 15.8 | 1.73 ± 0.11 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 149.5 ± 8.2 | 27.6 ± 2.3 |
Sample | Sonic Modulus | Crystallinity (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Drawn | Drawn | Non-Drawn | Drawn | Heatset Fabric | |
PET-RN | 28.4 ± 0.2 | 86.2 ± 0.5 | 6.5 | 50.9 | 52.0 |
PET-RM | 27.4 ± 1.5 | 106.6 ± 6.7 | 6.0 | 47.4 | 51.0 |
PET-AN | 28.0 ± 2.0 | 91.0 ± 4.6 | 7.7 | 51.0 | 52.0 |
PET-AM | 28.1 ± 0.8 | 106.7 ± 7.2 | 11.7 | 49.7 | 54.9 |
PET | 26.1 ± 0.7 | 106.2 ± 6.1 | 8.0 | 47.1 | 53.5 |
Fabric | UPF | UPF Index |
---|---|---|
PET-RN | 108 | 50+ |
PET-RM | 165 | 50+ |
PET-AN | 66 | 50+ |
PET-AM | 105 | 50+ |
PET | 33 | 30 |
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Cot, M.; Mijas, G.; Prieto-Fuentes, R.; Riba-Moliner, M.; Cayuela, D. The Influence of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particle Size and Crystalline Form on the Microstructure and UV Protection Factor of Polyester Substrates. Polymers 2024, 16, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040475
Cot M, Mijas G, Prieto-Fuentes R, Riba-Moliner M, Cayuela D. The Influence of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particle Size and Crystalline Form on the Microstructure and UV Protection Factor of Polyester Substrates. Polymers. 2024; 16(4):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040475
Chicago/Turabian StyleCot, María, Gabriela Mijas, Remedios Prieto-Fuentes, Marta Riba-Moliner, and Diana Cayuela. 2024. "The Influence of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particle Size and Crystalline Form on the Microstructure and UV Protection Factor of Polyester Substrates" Polymers 16, no. 4: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16040475