Fracture Toughness, Radiation Hardness, and Processibility of Polymers for Superconducting Magnets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Samples
2.1.1. CTD101K
2.1.2. POLAB Mix (CTD101K+DY040)
2.1.3. CEA Mix
2.1.4. MSUT
2.1.5. Araldite F
2.1.6. MY750
2.1.7. Mix61
2.1.8. Polyurethane
2.1.9. PMMA and PC
2.2. Fracture Toughness Measurements
2.3. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
2.4. Viscosity Measurements
2.5. Gamma Irradiation
2.6. Proton Irradiation
3. Results
3.1. RT and 77 K Fracture Toughness of CTD101K with Different Flexibiliser Content
3.2. RT and 77 K Fracture Toughness of the Polymers Exhibiting Linear Elastic Behaviours and Unstable Crack Propagation
3.3. Fracture Toughness of Polyurethane and PC
3.4. RT Tensile Stress–Strain Behaviour, Creep, and Stress Relaxation of CTD101K and POLAB Mix
3.5. Viscosity of the Uncured Epoxy-Resin Mix
3.6. Radiation-Induced Changes of Viscoelastic Properties
3.7. Radiation-Induced Changes of RT Mechanical Properties
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | ρ (g/cm3) | HB (MPa) | E (GPa) | σy (MPa) | σM (MPa) | εB (%) | Tg (°C) | α (×10−6 K−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G′onset | G″max | tan δmax | ||||||||
CTD101K | 1.22 | 217 ± 5 | 3.53 ± 0.08 | - | 46 ± 3.2 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 118 | 122 | 140 | 60 |
POLAB Mix | 1.21 | 199 ± 8 | 3.07 ± 0.03 | - | 45 ± 3.9 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 124 | 128 | 140 | 68 |
CEA mix | 1.27 | 213 ± 14 | 3.86 ± 0.13 | - | 53 ± 5.5 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 100 | 107 | 113 | 56 |
MSUT | 1.23 | 245 ± 12 | 3.59 ± 0.07 | - | 45 ± 5.6 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 88 | 91 | 107 | 60 |
Araldite F | 1.22 | 199 ± 5 | 3.30 ± 0.06 | 54 | 59 ± 5.7 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 91 | 93 | 105 | 55 |
MY750 | 1.15 | 126 ± 4 | 3.05 ± 0.07 | 46 | 60 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.1 | 49 | 51 | 55 | 62 |
Mix61 | 1.14 | 47.5 ± 2 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 13 | 20 ± 0.4 | 19 ± 0.4 | −38 * | n.m. | 73 | 144 |
Polyurethane | 1.13 | ** | ~0.08 | n.m. | ~2.4 | ~30 | −16 * | −11 * | 1.0 * | n.m. |
PMMA | 1.2 | 202 ± 5 | 3.25 ± 0.14 | 51 | 61 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 115 | 118 | 133 | n.m. |
PC | 1.20 | 127 ± 3 | 2.35 | 34 | 60 | ~5 | 150 | 152 | 158 | 63 |
Material | σy, σM (MPa) | KQ (MPa√m) | GQ (kJ/m2) | h (mm) | a (mm) | w–a (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RT | |||||||
CTD101K | 46 | 0.82 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.10 | 4.03 | 5.50 | 4.54 | 0.8 |
POLAB Mix | 45 | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 0.65 ± 0.32 | 3.95 | 5.26 | 4.83 | 1.7 |
CTD101K+20% DY040 | 40 | 1.28 ± 0.47 | 0.79 ± 0.58 | 4.22 | 5.28 | 4.79 | 2.6 |
CEA mix | 53 | 1.62 ± 0.35 | 1.05 ± 0.40 | 3.83 | 4.31 | 5.78 | 2.3 |
MSUT | 46 | 1.24 ± 0.25 | 0.63 ± 0.26 | 3.93 | 5.25 | 4.84 | 1.8 |
Araldite F | 54 | 1.57 ± 0.32 | 1.14 ± 0.50 | 3.89 | 5.13 | 4.96 | 2.1 |
MY750 | 46 | 1.83 ± 0.13 | 1.91 ± 0.30 | 4.00 | 5.48 | 4.56 | 4.0 |
PMMA | 51 | 2.12 ± 0.62 | 1.50 ± 0.56 | 3.69 | 5.69 | 4.35 | 4.3 |
Mix 61 | 13 | 1.17 ± 0.05 | 1.52 ± 0.13 | 3.90 | 4.60 | 5.36 | 20 # |
PC | 54 | 3.51 ± 0.41 | 9.12 ± 2.49 | 3.97 | 5.56 | 4.64 | 27 # |
77 K | |||||||
CTD101K | 100 * | 1.52 ± 0.68 | 0.72 ± 0.46 | 4.00 | 5.34 | 4.70 | 0.6 |
POLAB Mix | 100 * | 2.33 ± 0.20 | 1.33 ± 0.23 | 3.96 | 5.82 | 4.28 | 1.4 |
CTD101K+20% DY040 | 100 * | 2.43 ± 0.27 | 1.21 ± 0.28 | 4.39 | 5.31 | 4.74 | 1.5 |
CEA mix | 100 * | 2.29 ± 0.69 | 1.40 ± 0.64 | 4.02 | 5.16 | 5.02 | 1.3 |
MSUT | 100 * | 2.44 ± 0.48 | 1.34 ± 0.43 | 3.97 | 5.33 | 4.75 | 1.5 |
Araldite F | 100 * | 2.44 ± 0.72 | 1.89 ± 0.50 | 3.87 | 5.43 | 4.65 | 1.5 |
MY750 | 100 * | 4.62 ± 0.56 | 4.28 ± 1.08 | 3.94 | 5.29 | 4.75 | 5.3 |
PMMA | 100 * | 4.68 ± 0.19 | 3.90 ± 0.45 | 3.69 | 5.49 | 4.59 | 5.5 |
PC | 100 * | 6.81 ± 0.26 | 12.2 ± 0.79 | 3.87 | 5.61 | 4.57 | 12 # |
Polyurethane | 100 * | 7.01 ± 1.29 | 8.72 ± 1.95 | 3.96 | 5.83 | 4.24 | 12 # |
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Gaarud, A.; Scheuerlein, C.; Parragh, D.M.; Clement, S.; Bertsch, J.; Urscheler, C.; Piccin, R.; Ravotti, F.; Pezzullo, G.; Lach, R. Fracture Toughness, Radiation Hardness, and Processibility of Polymers for Superconducting Magnets. Polymers 2024, 16, 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091287
Gaarud A, Scheuerlein C, Parragh DM, Clement S, Bertsch J, Urscheler C, Piccin R, Ravotti F, Pezzullo G, Lach R. Fracture Toughness, Radiation Hardness, and Processibility of Polymers for Superconducting Magnets. Polymers. 2024; 16(9):1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091287
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaarud, Anders, Christian Scheuerlein, David Mate Parragh, Sébastien Clement, Jacob Bertsch, Cedric Urscheler, Roland Piccin, Federico Ravotti, Giuseppe Pezzullo, and Ralf Lach. 2024. "Fracture Toughness, Radiation Hardness, and Processibility of Polymers for Superconducting Magnets" Polymers 16, no. 9: 1287. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091287