Soy-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by Phenol-Formaldehyde-Glutaraldehyde
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Phenolic Resin-Based Cross-Linkers and Test of Their Performances
2.3. Preparation of Soy-Based Adhesive
2.4. Preparation of Plywood Samples Bonded with Soy-Based Adhesive
2.5. Test of Shear Strength of Plywood
2.6. 13C-NMR
2.7. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Performance of PFG
3.2. The Performance of Soy-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by PF and PFG
3.3. The Chemical Structure of PF and PFG
3.4. Optimization of the Preparation Procedure of Soy-Based Plywood with PFG
3.5. DSC Analysis of Soy-Based Adhesive with Cross-Linker PF or PFG
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Levels | Factors | ||
---|---|---|---|
Press temperature/°C | Press time/min | Resin loading/g·m−2 | |
1 | 140 | 3 | 280 |
2 | 160 | 4 | 320 |
3 | 180 | 5 | 360 |
Samples | Viscosity/mPa·s | Solid content/% | Content of free formaldehyde/% | Content of free phenol/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
PF | 28.8 | 44.24 | 0.28 | 2.51 |
PFG | 25.5 | 46.02 | 0.18 | 1.56 |
Cross-linker | Dry shear strength/MPa | Wet shear strength in boiling water/MPa |
---|---|---|
Without a cross-linker | 1.68 (0.23) | - |
9% PF | 2.05 (0.11) | 0.63 (0.03) |
11% PF | 2.02 (0.20) | 0.86 (0.06) |
9% PFG | 2.18 (0.34) | 0.82 (0.12) |
11% PFG | 2.28 (0.34) | 1.01 (0.12) |
13% PFG | 2.19 (0.23) | 1.14 (0.08) |
15% PFG | 2.14 (0.14) | 1.01 (0.08) |
No. | Chemical shift/ppm | Assignment |
---|---|---|
1 | 204–206 | –CHO |
2 | 116, 120, 130, 157, 165 | Carbon from benzene ring |
3 | 90–100 | CHO(CH2)3CH2OH |
4 | 70 | Ph–CH(OH)CH2CH2CH2CHO or Ph–CH(OH)CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)–Ph |
5 | 43 | CHOCH2CH2CH2CHO |
6 | 42 | Ph–CH(OH)CH2CH2CH2CHO or Ph–CH(OH)CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)–Ph |
7 | 17–19 | Ph–CH(OH)CH2CH2CH2CHO or Ph–CH(OH)CH2CH2CH2CH(OH)–Ph |
8 | 14 | CHOCH2CH2CH2CHO |
Trial number | Press temperature/°C | Press time/min | Resin loading/g·m−2 | Dry shear strength/MPa | Wet shear strength (100 °C)/MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 140 | 3 | 280 | 2.60 (0.15) | 0.41 (0.10) |
2 | 140 | 4 | 320 | 2.67 (0.3) | 0.51 (0.06) |
3 | 140 | 5 | 360 | 2.59 (0.2) | 0.59 (0.05) |
4 | 160 | 3 | 320 | 2.29 (0.1) | 0.74 (0.05) |
5 | 160 | 4 | 360 | 2.33 (0.0) | 0.82 (0.05) |
6 | 160 | 5 | 280 | 2.05 (0.2) | 0.86 (0.06) |
7 | 180 | 3 | 360 | 2.26 (0.3) | 0.80 (0.04) |
8 | 180 | 4 | 280 | 1.68 (0.1) | 0.87 (0.07) |
9 | 180 | 5 | 320 | 2.07 (0.2) | 0.88 (0.08) |
Dry shear strength | |||||
K1 | 2.62 | 2.38 | 2.11 | — | |
K2 | 2.22 | 2.23 | 2.34 | — | |
K3 | 2.00 | 2.24 | 2.39 | — | |
R | 0.62 | 0.15 | 0.28 | — | |
Wet shear strength in boiling water | |||||
K1 | 0.50 | 0.65 | 0.71 | — | |
K2 | 0.81 | 0.73 | 0.71 | — | |
K3 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.74 | — | |
R | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.03 | — |
Factors | Sum of squares of deviations (DEVSQ) | Degree of freedom (DOF) | Mean square error (MSER) | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Press temperature | 0.586 | 2 | 14.293 | * |
Press time | 0.046 | 2 | 1.122 | |
Resin loading | 0.137 | 2 | 3.341 | |
Error | 0.04 | 2 |
Factors | DEVSQ | DOF | MSER | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Press temperature | 0.214 | 2 | 214.000 | ** |
Press time | 0.025 | 2 | 25.000 | * |
Resin loading | 0.001 | 2 | 1.000 | |
Error | 0.000 | 2 |
Sample | Tp (K) | Ea/KJ/mol | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 K/min | 20 K/min | 25 K/min | 30 K/min | ||
S/PF | 376.7 | 379.2 | 382.8 | 384 | 100.0 |
S/PFG | 379 | 380.8 | 381.8 | 383.6 | 124.4 |
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Wu, Z.; Xi, X.; Lei, H.; Du, G. Soy-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by Phenol-Formaldehyde-Glutaraldehyde. Polymers 2017, 9, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050169
Wu Z, Xi X, Lei H, Du G. Soy-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by Phenol-Formaldehyde-Glutaraldehyde. Polymers. 2017; 9(5):169. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050169
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Zhigang, Xuedong Xi, Hong Lei, and Guanben Du. 2017. "Soy-Based Adhesive Cross-Linked by Phenol-Formaldehyde-Glutaraldehyde" Polymers 9, no. 5: 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9050169