Improving the Forecasts of Surface Latent Heat Fluxes and Surface Air Temperature in the GRAPES Global Forecast System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Parameterizations and Experimental Design
2.1. GRAPES_GFS
2.2. Improved Parameterizations for the Estimation of Latent Heat Flux
2.3. Improved Parameterization for the Estimation of 2 m Air Temperature
2.4. Experimental Design
- (1)
- EXP1 experiment by using GRAPES_GFS with modified parameterizations of soil evaporation and ocean surface roughness length, where the 24 h forecasts started from each day during 1–31 July 2016;
- (2)
- EXP2 experiment by using GRAPES_GFS with modified parameterizations from EXP1, and land surface roughness lengths for the exchanges in heat and moisture, salinity-related ocean surface vapor pressure, where the 24 h forecasts started from each day during 1 March–15 April 2019;
- (3)
- EXP3 experiment by using GRAPES_GFS with modified parameterizations from EXP1 and EXP2, as well as the supercooled soil water, where the 24 h forecasts started from each day during 1–31 January 2016;
- (4)
- CTL experiments are the same as EXP1–EXP3 but use the original GRAPES_GFS without any modifications in the surface parameterizations mentioned above.
- (5)
- To evaluate the performance of precipitation forecasts, we use the model version same as EXP3 to perform 24 h forecasts during 16 June–30 September 2019. This experiment is denoted as EXP4.
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of the GRAPES_GFS Forecasts of Latent Heat Fluxes
3.2. Evaluation of the GRAPES_GFS Forecasts of 2 m Air Temperature
4. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liang, M.; Yuan, X.; Wang, W. Improving the Forecasts of Surface Latent Heat Fluxes and Surface Air Temperature in the GRAPES Global Forecast System. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081241
Liang M, Yuan X, Wang W. Improving the Forecasts of Surface Latent Heat Fluxes and Surface Air Temperature in the GRAPES Global Forecast System. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(8):1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081241
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Miaoling, Xing Yuan, and Wenyan Wang. 2023. "Improving the Forecasts of Surface Latent Heat Fluxes and Surface Air Temperature in the GRAPES Global Forecast System" Atmosphere 14, no. 8: 1241. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081241