Sustainable Water Management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a Challenge for Governmental Responsibility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives of Study
- Stopping the further deterioration of the qualitative and quantitative status of water bodies;
- Creating a clear and unambiguous legislative framework for the protection and management of water resources at the river basin scale;
- Introducing water management plans and updating periods through strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of floods and droughts;
- Clarifying the responsibilities of the water authorities at the national and regional levels and all legislative procedures.
3. EU Water Legislative Framework—Key Principles and Objectives
- Expansion of the scope of water protection to all waters, including surface waters, groundwater, and coastal and transitional waters;
- Water management based on river basins;
- A “combined approach” of emission limit values and quality standards;
- Setting of the right prices;
- Encouragement of closer citizen involvement;
- Streamlining of legislation.
4. Water Management in Kurdistan
4.1. The Influence of Transboundary River Conflicts on River Basin Management
4.1.1. Historical Agreements on Transboundary River Basins
4.1.2. Iraqi–Turkish Agreements
- The two sides agreed to cooperate in the field of pollution control of the shared water in the region;
- The two sides agreed to form a joint technical committee within two months to study regional water issues (particularly around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers) and submit their report to the governments of the three countries (Turkey, Syria, and Iraq) within a period of two years.
4.1.3. Iraqi-Syrian Protocols
4.1.4. Iraqi-Iran Protocols
4.2. Water Balance
- Organize water distribution, reduce the risk of flooding, control surface runoff, and conserve a good state of river basins;
- Carry out in-depth studies and research related to irrigation, reclamation, dams, and groundwater, and establish designs and related documents through institutions and other associated authorities;
- Management, operation, and maintenance of dam projects, reclamation, irrigation, drainage, and groundwater;
- Coordinate actions with international, regional, and Arabic organizations and NGOs specialized in water resources and environmental issues;
- Negotiate plans of the MAWR with planning authorities, water consumption sectors, and other relevant sectors in accordance with sustainable development in Iraq;
- Develop modern techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) to improve working methods in the MAWR. Technical staff should be trained to utilize advanced scientific procedures in water management;
- Adopt the principle of awareness to conserve water wealth and protect water from pollution. Officials should request help from NGOs to achieve the objectives.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Re-registration of the wells that have been illegally drilled to control the quality and quantity of water resources, and adopting strict authorization conditions for deep wells drilling;
- Installation of measuring gauges on drinking water networks to control the water consumption fees regarding the recovery cost policy;
- Government encouragement of its institutions to decrease the use of groundwater and replace it with the use of surface water as an alternative;
- Support the establishment of surface water projects to construct dams (e.g., completing Bekhma Dam on Greater Zab river, Bakurman Dam on Khazir river, and Barhol Dam on Khabour river);
- Supporting measures aimed at increasing a retention of water in a landscape and preventing fast overland outflow from the river basin during flood events and during wet seasons. We propose establishment of ponds on the seasonal streams (with the capacity of 0.5 to 5 million m3) to be used for the multisectoral purposes: irrigation, fishery, tourism, environment conservation, etc.;
- Decreasing a full dependence of rural areas on groundwater use by the construction of infrastructure transferring river water to distant areas;
- Intensification of modern irrigation techniques (drop water) to decrease the evaporation lost and water consumption for irrigation purposes;
- Re-use of the discharged wastewater to make up for the gap and relieve the stress on water supply projects;
- Application of artificial recharge as a modern technique to recover the negative impact on groundwater status;
- Construction of treatment stations in transition streams under the monitoring control of environmental experts aimed at the re-use of drainage and wastewater for irrigation, washing, and other daily industrial and domestic uses except drinking;
- Collection of rainwater for, e.g., re-use for irrigation and washing. This measure should be mandatory for newly constructed buildings and building structures (car parking) funded by both the state and the private sector;
- Imposition of taxes on private wells or, rather, installation of measuring gauges;
- Introducing water management planning in a river basin scale with updating in 5 years’ planning cycles; improve predictions on water demands in various sectors;
- Preventing overexploitation of aquifers through excessive pumping; perform study on calculation of exploitable groundwater reserves under climate change (hydrogeological survey, rainfall-runoff, and hydrogeological modelling);
- Establishment of a new water directive framework for the Kurdistan Region through effective coordination among the related ministries, including all necessary legislations concerning both surface water and groundwater status;
- Re-activation of related committees in the Kurdistan Parliament to play their effective roles in the monitoring and implementation of water directive legislations.
- Actions are urgently needed due to the arrival of nearly two million IDPs and Syrian refugees to the region during 2004–2014. Global warming will probably result in repeated periods of drought, and thus further deteriorate the water balance situation.
- The academic and research institutions in Kurdistan are aware of the necessity for deeper scientific studies regarding water balance. Such studies are ongoing in the phase of collecting data and constructing numerical models of groundwater flow and rainfall runoff models at a river basin scale (EU WFD approach). The conclusions of the studies will contribute to the proposal of monitoring network (data gaps) and the description of the present status of surface and groundwater bodies.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organization | Main Tasks and Responsibilities |
---|---|
Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources (MAWR) |
|
Ministry of Municipalities (MoM) |
|
Ministry of Environment (MoE) |
|
General Directorate of Meteorology and Seismology (GDMS) |
|
Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control (CASQC) |
|
Ministry of Electricity (MoEl) |
|
River Basin | 1 Tigris (Direct) | 2 Khabour | 3 Greater Zab | 4 Little Zab | 5 Udhem | 6 Sirwan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Origin | Turkey | Turkey | Turkey | Iran | Iraq | Iran | |
Catchment area (km2) | Upstream of Iraq border | 40,600 | 1303 1 | 9414 | 4883 | - | 17,423 2 |
Within Kurdistan Region | 2770 | 2627 | 16,696 | 12,229 | 5774 | 9286 | |
Total at mouth | n/a 3 | 6027 | 26,331 | 19,593 | n/a 3 | n/a | |
Existing large dam | Mosul | - | Bekhme (planned) | Dokan | - | Derbendikhan | |
Governorates | Duhok | Erbil | Suleiymaniya | ||||
Garmian |
Dam | Country | Operational Year | River | Capacity (BCM) * | Purpose | Hydro-Power (MW) * | Irrigated Area (ha) * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Keban | Turkey | 1974 | Euphrates | 30.6 | Hydro-power, irrigation, flood control | 1330 | 63,872 |
Karakaya | Turkey | 1987 | Euphrates | 9.5 | Hydro-power | 1800 | - |
Ataturk | Turkey | 1992 | Euphrates | 48.7 | Hydro-power, irrigation, fishery, recreation and sport | 2400 | 882,000 |
Birecik | Turkey | 2000 | Euphrates | 1.22 | Hydro-power, irrigation | 672 | 95,000 |
Ilisu | Turkey | 2018 | Tigris | 10.41 | Hydro-power, flood control | 1200 | - |
Tabqa | Syria | 1975 | Euphrates | 11.7 | Hydro-power, irrigation | 800 | 124,000 |
Sardasht | Iran | 2017 | Tigris-L.Zab * | 0.38 | Hydro-power, irrigation | 421 | 80,500 |
Daryan | Iran | 2018 | Tigris-Sirwan | 0.36 | Hydro-power, flood control | 230 | - |
Derbendi-khan | Iraq | 1965 | Tigris-Sirwan | 3 | Hydro-power, water supply | 249 | - |
Dokan | Iraq | 1975 | Tigris-L.Zab | 6.97 | Hydro-power, irrigation | 400 | 35,500 |
Mosul | Iraq | 1986 | Tigris | 11 | Hydro-power, irrigation, flood control | 1052 | 750,000 |
Domestic Water Supply Mio. m3/year (ADD) | Irrigation Mio. m3/year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2030 | Current | After Implementation of the Strategic Plan | |
Erbil | 178 | 328 | 439 | 2.199 |
Duhok | 129 | 240 | 186 | 999 |
Erbil + Duhok | 307 | 568 | 625 | 3.198 |
% of total demand | 33 | 15 | 67 | 85 |
% of today’s demand | 100 | 187 | 100 | 511 |
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Yousuf, M.A.; Rapantova, N.; Younis, J.H. Sustainable Water Management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a Challenge for Governmental Responsibility. Water 2018, 10, 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651
Yousuf MA, Rapantova N, Younis JH. Sustainable Water Management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a Challenge for Governmental Responsibility. Water. 2018; 10(11):1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651
Chicago/Turabian StyleYousuf, Mahmood A., Nada Rapantova, and Jalal H. Younis. 2018. "Sustainable Water Management in Iraq (Kurdistan) as a Challenge for Governmental Responsibility" Water 10, no. 11: 1651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111651