Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Setup and Treatment Details
2.3. Seedbed Management
2.4. Water Management in the Main Field
2.5. Fertilizer and Other Cultural Management
2.6. Data Collection and Calculation
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather
3.2. Hydrological Conditions and Water Level Changes
3.3. Crop Growth and Development
3.4. Grain Yield and Grain Yield Components
3.5. Water Input and Water Productivity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Property | Mean |
---|---|
% clay | 21.0 |
% silt | 39.0 |
% sand | 40.0 |
pH | 6.0 |
Organic C (%) | 2.3 |
Total N (%) | 6.9 |
Available P (mg kg−1) | 28.4 |
Available K (mg kg−1) | 29.1 |
CEC (meq 100−1g) | 4.5 |
2014 | 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season/ Treatment | Sowing to PI (d) | Sowing to Harvest (d) | Transplanting to Harvest (d) | Sowing to PI (d) | Sowing to Harvest (d) | Transplanting to Harvest (d) |
Seedling age | ||||||
SA15 | 58 d | 117 d | 102 a | 61 d | 119 d | 104 a |
SA25 | 68 c | 122 c | 97 b | 68 c | 125 c | 100 b |
SA35 | 73 b | 127 b | 92 c | 79 b | 132 b | 97 c |
SA45 | 84 a | 134 a | 89 c | 89 a | 139 a | 94 d |
Seedling density | ||||||
SD1 | 70 a | 124 a | 94 a | 74 a | 127 a | 97 a |
SD3 | 72 a | 126 a | 96 a | 74 a | 129 a | 99 a |
SD5 | 71 a | 126 a | 96 a | 76 a | 130 a | 100 a |
Variety | ||||||
V1 | 68 b | 123 b | 93 b | 71 c | 125 c | 95 c |
V2 | 69 b | 125 b | 95 b | 73 b | 129 b | 99 b |
V3 | 75 a | 127 a | 97 a | 79 a | 132 a | 102 a |
ANOVA results | ||||||
SA | * | * | * | * | * | * |
SD | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
V | * | * | * | * | * | * |
SA × SD | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SA × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SA × SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatment | Plant Height (cm) | Tiller Per Hill (no.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2014 | 2015 | |
Seedling age | ||||
SA15 | 55.4 a | 63.1 a | 11.7 a | 15.0 a |
SA25 | 53.3 a | 63.0 a | 10.5 b | 12.9 b |
SA35 | 47.0 b | 55.5 b | 10.7 b | 12.7 b |
SA45 | 38.3 c | 54.2 b | 6.6 c | 9.8 c |
Seedling density | ||||
SD1 | 44.7 a | 55.8 a | 6.5 b | 10.5 c |
SD3 | 49.3 a | 59.3 a | 10.6 a | 12.9 b |
SD5 | 51.4 a | 62.0 a | 11.9 a | 14.8 a |
Variety | ||||
V1 | 41.9 b | 53.2 c | 10.9 a | 14.5 a |
V2 | 53.3 a | 60.9 b | 9.5 a b | 13.1 b |
V3 | 50.2 a | 63.0 a | 9.2 a b | 11.7 c |
Interaction significance | ||||
SA × SD | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SA × V | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SA × SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Season | Treatment | Panicle (no. m−2) | Spikelet (no. panicle−1) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Filled Grain (%) | Grain Yield (t ha−1) | Harvest Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | Seedling Age | ||||||
SA15 | 180.6 b | 106.2 c | 29.1 a | 79.3 c | 3.7 a | 39 a | |
SA25 | 192.2 a | 109.0 b | 29.7 a | 82.2 b | 3.9 a | 39 a | |
SA35 | 180.8 b | 107.6 b c | 29.3 a | 83.9 a | 3.9 a | 36 a | |
SA45 | 176.2 b | 114.1 a | 28.8 a | 80.5 c | 3.9 a | 42 a | |
Seedling Density | |||||||
SD1 | 167.3 c | 120.1 a | 28.9 a | 80.4 a | 3.9 a | 40 a | |
SD3 | 177.0 b | 107.0 b | 29.2 a | 82.3 a | 3.8 a | 40 a | |
SD5 | 203.0 a | 100.5 c | 29.5 a | 81.8 a | 3.9 a | 36 a | |
Variety | |||||||
V1 | 236.3 a | 97.5 c | 21.2 c | 82.6 a | 3.5 b | 42 a | |
V2 | 150.1 b | 108.5 b | 36.9 a | 79.4 a | 4.1 a | 38 a | |
V3 | 161.0 b | 121.6 a | 29.5 b | 82.5 a | 3.9 a | 37 a | |
Interaction Significance | |||||||
SA × SD | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
SA × V | ns | ns | ns | * | ** | ns | |
SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
SA × SD × V | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
2015 | Seedling age | ||||||
SA15 | 182.0 a | 108.8 b | 33.1 a | 78.9 a | 4.8 a | 31 a | |
SA25 | 196.0 a | 114.3 a | 28.9 b | 79.3 a | 4.4 a | 32 a | |
SA35 | 179.2 a | 104.24 b | 28.8 b | 79.0a | 4.7 a | 32 a | |
SA45 | 179.0 a | 94.2 c | 28.7 b | 79.4 a | 4.3 a | 32 a | |
Seedling density | |||||||
SD1 | 168.3 b | 111.2 a | 31.1 a | 80.0 a | 4.6 a | 35 a | |
SD3 | 192.8 a | 103.2 b | 29.6 a | 79.9 a | 4.5 a | 31 b | |
SD5 | 193.0 a | 101.8 b | 29.0 a | 77.6 a | 4.5 a | 30 b | |
Variety | |||||||
V1 | 227.2 a | 100.1 a | 22.8 c | 78.4 b | 4.3 b | 35 a | |
V2 | 161.9 b | 108.7 a | 36.6 a | 75.5 b | 4.7 a | 31 a | |
V3 | 165.0 b | 107.6 a | 30.3 b | 83.7 a | 4.7 a | 30 a | |
Interaction significance | |||||||
SA × SD | ns | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | |
SA × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | |
SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
SA × SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Seedling Age | Grain Yield (t ha-1) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Filled Spikelet (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | SD1 | SD3 | SD5 | V1 | V2 | V3 | |
2014 | |||||||||
SA15 | 3.4b C | 3.8b B | 4.1ab A | 78.6b B | 77.0b B | 82.4a A | |||
SA25 | 3.6ab B | 4.2a A | 3.8bc B | 84.4a A | 78.6b B | 83.7a A | |||
SA35 | 3.4b B | 4.1a A | 4.2a A | 84.0a A | 83.0a A | 84.9a A | |||
SA45 | 3.7a B | 4.4a A | 3.7c B | 83.4a A | 78.9b B | 79.0b B | |||
2015 | |||||||||
SA15 | 4.6a B | 4.9a A | 5.0a A | 38.6a A | 31.2a B | 29.4a C | |||
SA25 | 4.2a B | 4.5a A | 4.6ab A | 28.2b A | 29.2b A | 29.4a A | |||
SA35 | 4.2a B | 4.9a A | 4.9a A | 28.7b A | 29.0b A | 28.8a A | |||
SA45 | 4.3a A | 4.4a A | 4.3b A | 28.7b A | 28.9b A | 28.5a A |
Treatment | 2014 | 2015 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Irrigation (mm) | Total Rainfall (mm) | Total Water Input (mm) | Total Irrigation (mm) | Total Rainfall (mm) | Total Water Input (mm) | |
Seedling age | ||||||
SA15 | 439.3 d | 1009.2 a | 1448.5 a | 317.0 d | 902.8 a | 1219.8 a |
SA25 | 469.5 c | 944.4 b | 1413.9 b | 456.3 c | 807.0 b | 1263.3 a |
SA35 | 506.4 b | 886.2 c | 1392.6 b | 522.4 b | 711.1 c | 1233.5 a |
SA45 | 596.9 a | 647.2 d | 1244.1 c | 577.3 a | 623.7 d | 1201.0 a |
Seedling density | ||||||
SD1 | 500.2 a | 876.9 a | 1377.1 a | 501.3 a | 761.2 a | 1262.5 a |
SD3 | 537.7 a | 875.6 a | 1413.3 a | 488.9 a | 761.2 a | 1250.1 a |
SD5 | 505.2 | 862.7 a | 1367.9 a | 500.3 a | 761.2 a | 1261.5 a |
Variety | ||||||
V1 | 493.3 b | 863.7 b | 1357.0 a | 465.3 b | 759.4 a | 1224.7 a |
V2 | 505.7 a | 866.5 b | 1372.2 a | 470.3 b | 759.4 a | 1229.7 a |
V3 | 510.1 a | 884.8 a | 1394.9 a | 524.3 a | 764.7 a | 1289.0 a |
Interaction significance | ||||||
SA × SD | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SA × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
SA × SD × V | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Season/Seedling Age | Irrigation Water Productivity (WPI) | Total Water Productivity (WPI+R) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V1 | V2 | V3 | V1 | V2 | V3 | |
2014 | ||||||
SA15 | 0.78 b B | 0.89 b A | 0.94 a b A | 0.23 c B | 0.27 b A | 0.29 c A |
SA25 | 0.84 ab B | 0.96 ab A | 0.89 bc AB | 0.28 b A | 0.30 b A | 0.28 c A |
SA35 | 0.79 b B | 0.96 ab A | 0.97 a A | 0.24 bc B | 0.30 b A | 0.32 ab A |
SA45 | 0.87 a B | 1.01 a A | 0.86 c A | 0.33 a B | 0.40 a A | 0.33 a B |
2015 | ||||||
SA15 | 0.89 a B | 0.99 a A | 1.01 a A | 0.32 a A | 0.33 b A | 0.36 a A |
SA25 | 0.97 a A | 1.01 a A | 0.98 a A | 0.32 a B | 0.36 ab AB | 0.37 a A |
SA35 | 0.80 a B | 0.92 a A | 0.97 a A | 0.33 a B | 0.40 a A | 0.40 a A |
SA45 | 0.82 a A | 0.84 a A | 0.82 a A | 0.37 a A | 0.37 a b A | 0.36 a A |
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Lampayan, R.; Xangsayasane, P.; Bueno, C. Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR. Water 2019, 11, 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091816
Lampayan R, Xangsayasane P, Bueno C. Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR. Water. 2019; 11(9):1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091816
Chicago/Turabian StyleLampayan, Rubenito, Phetmanyseng Xangsayasane, and Crisanta Bueno. 2019. "Crop Performance and Water Productivity of Transplanted Rice as Affected by Seedling Age and Seedling Density under Alternate Wetting and Drying Conditions in Lao PDR" Water 11, no. 9: 1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091816