Chlorine Photolysis: A Step Forward in Inactivating Acanthamoeba and Their Endosymbiont Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Strain Isolation and FLA Inoculum
2.2. Disinfection Treatments
2.3. Determination of FLA and EB Inactivation
3. Results
3.1. Inactivation of Acanthamoeba by Conventional Treatments
3.2. Inactivation of Acanthamoeba by Chlorine Photolysis
3.3. Endosymbiont Bacteria Inactivation
4. Discussion
4.1. Acanthamoeba Inactivation by Conventional Treatments: Chlorine and Solar Radiation
4.2. Acanthamoeba Inactivation by Advanced Oxidation Process: Combination of Cl2 and SR
4.3. Inactivation of the Endosymbiont Bacteria Protected Inside Acanthamoeba
4.4. Effect of Water Sources: Acanthamoeba Isolated from Natural vs. Artificial Water Sources
5. Conclusions
- Conventional chlorine and solar radiation disinfection treatments required high disinfectant doses and were not effective against the endosymbiont bacteria protected by the amoebae studied.
- The combination of Cl2 and SR320–800nm was effective against the freshwater Acanthamoeba strain and its endosymbiont bacteria, reducing 10 times the required Cl2 dose. Additionally, the Cl2 and SR280–800nm combination was effective against both Acanthamoeba and their endosymbiont bacteria, reducing between 5 and 100 times the necessary Cl2 dose.
- The inactivation of EB requires the prior inactivation of Acanthamoeba cysts, and because of that, the disinfectant doses for efficient disinfection were up to 20 times greater than those used for cyst inactivation.
- The Acanthamoeba strain isolated from pool water (P31) and, consequently, the EB protected inside showed considerable higher resistance to the combination of Cl2 and SR280–800nm compared to the Acanthamoeba strain isolated from freshwater (C1-211), suggesting that higher disinfectant doses may be required to eliminate amoebae previously exposed to chlorine and solar radiation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C1-211 | P31 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | [Cl2]99% | [Cl2]99.9% | [Cl2]EB | [Cl2]99% | [Cl2]99.9% | [Cl2]EB |
Cl2 | 55 | 94 | 500 | 159 | 247 | >500 |
Cl2/SR320–800nm | 4 | 8 | 50 | 178 | 319 | 500 |
Cl2/SR280–800nm | - | - | 5 | 1 | 4 | 100 |
Treatment | CT99% | CT99.9% | CTEB | CT99% | CT99.9% | CTEB |
Cl2 | 1556 | 2667 | 12,471 | 3680 | 5680 | >10,820 |
Treatment | F99% | F99.9% | FEB | F99% | F99.9% | FEB |
SR320–800nm | >900 | >900 | >900 | >900 | >900 | >900 |
SR280–800nm | 178 | 285 | 900 | - | - | >900 |
Initial Concentration (mg Cl2/L) | Cl2 | Cl2/SR280–800nm | Cl2/SR320–800nm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 min | 30 min | 0 min | 5 min | 10 min | 0 min | 30 min | |
0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 7.4 |
1 | 7.0 | 7.1 | nd | nd | nd | 7.1 | 7.4 |
5 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 9.5 | 8.6 | 7.4 |
10 | 8.6 | 7.6 | nd | nd | nd | 8.7 | 8.2 |
50 | 9.9 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 9.0 |
100 | 10.3 | 9.6 | nd | nd | nd | 10.3 | 9.8 |
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Menacho, C.; Soler, M.; Chueca, P.; Ormad, M.P.; Goñi, P. Chlorine Photolysis: A Step Forward in Inactivating Acanthamoeba and Their Endosymbiont Bacteria. Water 2024, 16, 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050668
Menacho C, Soler M, Chueca P, Ormad MP, Goñi P. Chlorine Photolysis: A Step Forward in Inactivating Acanthamoeba and Their Endosymbiont Bacteria. Water. 2024; 16(5):668. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050668
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenacho, Carmen, Maria Soler, Patricia Chueca, Maria P. Ormad, and Pilar Goñi. 2024. "Chlorine Photolysis: A Step Forward in Inactivating Acanthamoeba and Their Endosymbiont Bacteria" Water 16, no. 5: 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050668