The Water Footprint of Heavy Oil Extraction in Colombia: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
For oil production we used an averaged water consumption factor for primary and secondary extraction since we did not have data on the deployment of more advanced technologies, such as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
2. Literature Review
2.1. Water Scarcity and Water Footprint
- Establishment of objectives and scope: the decision to perform a study into one’s water footprint may be because of the particular goals of interested organizations, which are in turn defined by public or corporate policies. In terms of contextual scope, the study may consider an endless number of applications or entities, such as productive processes, goods or services. The value of the whole chain may be considered or it may be limited to a certain geographic area or a particular client etc. The organization should clearly state the scope of the water footprint itself i.e., if it will take into consideration all types (blue, green or grey or indirect and direct or only direct) or just one specifically. The spatial-temporal dimension of the study, as aforementioned, is essential.
- Accounting (inventory): This step takes into consideration the sum of all kinds of water consumption expressed in terms of unit production (e.g., m3/crude oil barrel). Both direct and indirect (e.g., raw materials provided by the supply chain) company processes could be included with exact details dependent on the objective of the study.
- Sustainability assessment: an approximation is made to analyze the degree of water stress relative to water availability, and for the determination of hotspots (e.g., especially vulnerable/sensitive areas).
- Response to water footprint (reduction strategy): Establishment of an action plan to mitigate or compensate any detrimental impacts caused by the organization’s significant direct and indirect activities. In this paper, as the authors do not belong to a company, we simply made suggestions based on our personal experience within and knowledge of the sector.
2.2. Hydrocarbon Sector: Water Scarcity and Footprint
3. Colombian Case Study
3.1. Colombian Water Resources
3.2. Heavy Crude Oil Extraction
3.3. Company Specifics
4. Methodology
4.1. Project Objectives and Scope
4.2. Water Inventory
4.2.1. Direct Blue
4.2.2. Green
4.2.3. Grey
4.2.4. Indirect Water Footprint
4.3. Sustainability Assessment
4.4. Response to Water Footprint
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Direct Water Footprint
Comparison of the Direct Footprint with Other Studies
5.2. Calculation of Indirect Water Footprint
5.3. Sustainability Assessment and Response to the Water Footprint
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Unit | Natural State of Aquifer | Produced Wastewater Treatment * | Domestic Wastewater Treatment | Industrial Wastewater Treatment | Legal Max 2015 ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total acidity | mg/L | 1 | NE | 37 | NE | - |
Total alkalinity | mg/L | 190 | 583 | 412 | 222 | - |
Chlorine (Cl-) | mg/L | 26.55 | 827 | 92 | 588 | 1200 |
Conductivity | uS/cm | 527 | 2800 | 1529 | 2991 | - |
BOD5 | mg/L | 15 | 345 | 193 | 59 | 60 |
COD | mg/L | 5 | 645 | 246 | 80 | 180 |
Total hardness | mg/L | 22 | 249 | 55 | 117 | - |
Phenols | mg/L | <0.001 | 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Fats and oils | mg/L | <0.5 | 99 | 8 | 1055 | 15 |
Total hydrocarbons | mg/L | <0.5 | 46 | 0.3 | 2249 | 10 |
Total suspended solids | mg/L | 25 | 75.3 | 147 | 104 | 50 |
Total solids | mg/L | 497 | 2380 | NE | 2405 | - |
NWS-2014 Flow Categories (m3/barrel) | This Study | NWS-2014 | NWS-2014 Assumptions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSS 1 | CSS 2 | SR | |||
Industrial water consumption | 0.194 | 0.186 | 0.075 | 0.106 | |
Domestic water consumption | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.034 | 0.004 | |
Industrial wastewater | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.0005 | 0.095 | |
Domestic wastewater | 0.002 | 0.0009 | 0.030 | 0.002 | |
Partial indicator NWS-2014 | - | - | - | 0.013 | This is difference between water consumption and wastewater discharge. |
Production water | 0.148 | 0.282 | 1.04 | 1.56 | |
Re-injected water into the production well to enhance oil recovery | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.167 | 0.184 | Water returned to catchment area |
Re-injected into geological formation for final disposal | 0.144 | 0.282 | 0.868 | 0.719 | Water returned to catchment area |
Wastewater discarded into natural water bodies | 0.0004 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.651 | Water returned to catchment area |
Watering roads for dust and suspended matter reduction | 0.005 | 0.0003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | Evaporated |
Sprinkling | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.002 | Evaporated |
Wastewater sent to third parties | 0.00003 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | Water returned to catchment area |
Losses | NE | NE | NE | 0.0007 | Evaporated |
Partial indicator of production waters (NWS-2014) | - | - | - | 0.006 | The water footprint of NWA-2014 corresponds to the evaporated water in either sprinkling or road cleaning operations. They calculate that this constitutes 0.34 percent of the water used in crude production. |
Total crude production water footprint | 0.230 | 0.211 | 0.190 | 0.019 | The water footprint of NWA-2014 corresponds to the sum of the two partial indicators |
Field | Direct Blue Water Footprint | Indirect Blue Water Footprint * |
---|---|---|
SR | 0.11 | 0.12 |
CSS Field 1 | 0.19 | 0.22 |
CSS Field 2 | 0.19 | 0.23 |
Sustainability of the WF in the Basin—Hotspots in Catchment | Non-Sustainable Fraction | Priority Response | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IARC * | IPHE ** | IACAL *** | ||||
Very Low | Very High | Low | ||||
WF | Blue | Green | Grey | |||
Product | ||||||
SR | No | Yes | No | 37% | Yes | |
CSS 1 | No | Yes | No | 71% | Yes | |
CSS 2 | No | Yes | No | 68% | Yes |
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Carmona, L.G.; Whiting, K.; Carrasco, A. The Water Footprint of Heavy Oil Extraction in Colombia: A Case Study. Water 2017, 9, 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050340
Carmona LG, Whiting K, Carrasco A. The Water Footprint of Heavy Oil Extraction in Colombia: A Case Study. Water. 2017; 9(5):340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050340
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarmona, Luis Gabriel, Kai Whiting, and Angeles Carrasco. 2017. "The Water Footprint of Heavy Oil Extraction in Colombia: A Case Study" Water 9, no. 5: 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050340
APA StyleCarmona, L. G., Whiting, K., & Carrasco, A. (2017). The Water Footprint of Heavy Oil Extraction in Colombia: A Case Study. Water, 9(5), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050340