Economic and Energy Criteria for District Meter Areas Design of Water Distribution Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Decision Support System for Water Network Partitioning
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Case Study
3.2. Assessment Results of the Multi-Objective Function
3.3. Assessment Results of Hydraulic and Topological Performance Indices
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ε1j (No Weight) | ε2j (Flow) | ε3j (Diameter) | ε4j (Length) | ε5j (Dis. Power) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ω1j (No weight) | w(1,1) | w(1,2) | w(1,3) | w(1,4) | w(1,5) |
ω2j (demand) | w(2,1) | w(2,2) | w(2,3) | w(2,4) | w(2,5) |
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Number of nodes n | 1890 |
Number of links m | 2681 |
Number of wells w | 18 |
Number of service connections ncTOT | 48,400 |
Head of well pumps [m] | −2.00; −8.87; −6.45; −2.85; −9.38; −0.75; −4.10; −7.23; 0.05; 0.62; −3.19; −3.80; 3.55; 2.43; −7.32; −3.71; 1.85; 3.73 |
Total pipe length lTOT [km] | 599.1 |
Minimum ground elevation zMIN [m] | 0.00 |
Maximum ground elevation zMAX [m] | 40.10 |
Pipe materials | PVC and AC |
Pipe diameters [mm] | 60; 62.5; 75; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300; 350; 400; 450; 500 |
Average demand. Q [L/s] | 1127.92 |
Peak demand Q [L/s] | 1735.26 |
Design pressure h* [m] | 12.00 |
Unit energy cost c [€/kWh] | 0.09 |
Pipe Diameter [mm] | Flow Meter Cost [€] | Gate Valve Cost [€] |
---|---|---|
50 | 1974 | 520 |
65 | 2073 | 560 |
80 | 2073 | 592 |
100 | 2187 | 676 |
125 | 2325 | 784 |
150 | 2586 | 940 |
200 | 2970 | 1232 |
250 | 3990 | 1792 |
300 | 5109 | 2228 |
350 | 5652 | 3242 |
400 | 6282 | 4412 |
450 | 6726 | 5964 |
500 | 7125 | 9122 |
600 | 8265 | 11,406 |
700 | 10,599 | 15,578 |
800 | 12,909 | 21,177 |
900 | 16,011 | 27,198 |
1000 | 19,353 | 33,989 |
k [-] | Nck [-] | Nec [-] | Nfm [-] | Nbv [-] | PN [W] | MOF [-] | Cfm+gv [€] | CΔE [€/Year] | C’tot [€] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | - | - | - | - | 104,936.44 | - | - | - | - |
2 | 1 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 101,962.58 | 2.01 | 25,726.13 | −281.08 | 35,111.68 |
3 | 1 | 26 | 0 | 26 | 101,365.40 | 2.02 | 36,733.56 | −120.03 | 61,103.94 |
4 | 1,533,939 | 47 | 5 | 42 | 102,831.98 | 2.01 | 69,377.52 | −156.16 | 118155.32 |
5 | 61,474,519 | 62 | 9 | 53 | 102,863.55 | 2.02 | 103,115.38 | −147.33 | 178,919.18 |
6 | 6.52 × 1013 | 67 | 8 | 59 | 100,619.71 | 2.03 | 97,803.87 | −505.03 | 155,459.53 |
7 | 1.47 × 1013 | 72 | 7 | 65 | 102,156.07 | 2.01 | 102,763.27 | −1373.63 | 130,471.94 |
8 | 1.80 × 1020 | 85 | 17 | 68 | 104,206.23 | 1.99 | 126,708.65 | 44.73 | 228,660.08 |
9 | 3.53 × 1019 | 77 | 15 | 62 | 104,767.04 | 1.01 | 123,656.96 | −65.85 | 218,883.30 |
10 | 3.15 × 1021 | 92 | 16 | 76 | 104,560.70 | 2.01 | 146,992.26 | −530.07 | 242,571.74 |
11 | 2.16 × 1028 | 108 | 26 | 82 | 104,216.64 | 1.01 | 181,208.25 | 1435.99 | 380,509.48 |
12 | 2.98 × 1031 | 122 | 28 | 94 | 102,889.14 | 1.03 | 208,214.42 | 1744.91 | 440,918.92 |
13 | 4.75 × 1031 | 129 | 29 | 100 | 103,304.48 | 2.01 | 203,090.31 | −86.48 | 360,331.58 |
14 | 7.19 × 1032 | 135 | 30 | 105 | 101,905.98 | 1.04 | 220,366.52 | 36.12 | 396,051.14 |
15 | 5.42 × 1033 | 138 | 31 | 107 | 102,555.23 | 2.03 | 222,936.65 | 486.62 | 418,220.20 |
k [-] | hmean [m] | hmin [m] | Ir [-] | Ird [%] | Ef [W] | λ2 [-] | mα [-] | SDnc [-] | SDl [-] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 26.63 | 16.31 | 0.803 | 0.00 | 0.0520 | 0.0009 | 1 | - | - |
2 | 26.63 | 13.42 | 0.710 | 11.58 | 0.0366 | 0.0000 | 2 | 1.43 | 0.16 |
3 | 25.58 | 13.92 | 0.722 | 10.09 | 0.0343 | 0.0000 | 3 | 0.72 | 2.11 |
4 | 25.93 | 15.26 | 0.750 | 6.60 | 0.0458 | 0.0004 | 1 | 6.31 | 6.25 |
5 | 26.10 | 15.15 | 0.763 | 4.98 | 0.0464 | 0.0003 | 1 | 0.45 | 1.15 |
6 | 25.69 | 12.96 | 0.690 | 14.07 | 0.0330 | 0.0000 | 2 | 6.75 | 5.93 |
7 | 26.07 | 14.93 | 0.759 | 5.48 | 0.0383 | 0.0000 | 2 | 5.51 | 5.52 |
8 | 27.00 | 14.75 | 0.764 | 4.86 | 0.0457 | 0.0005 | 1 | 5.15 | 4.77 |
9 | 27.91 | 12.56 | 0.761 | 5.23 | 0.0384 | 0.0000 | 2 | 4.32 | 4.64 |
10 | 27.42 | 12.12 | 0.765 | 4.73 | 0.0348 | 0.0000 | 2 | 4.68 | 4.39 |
11 | 26.99 | 12.60 | 0.736 | 8.34 | 0.0440 | 0.0003 | 1 | 3.69 | 3.51 |
12 | 26.38 | 12.01 | 0.701 | 12.70 | 0.0425 | 0.0003 | 1 | 3.79 | 3.56 |
13 | 26.75 | 15.37 | 0.734 | 8.59 | 0.0443 | 0.0005 | 1 | 3.31 | 3.09 |
14 | 26.49 | 13.02 | 0.667 | 16.94 | 0.0444 | 0.0004 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.13 |
15 | 26.85 | 15.01 | 0.698 | 13.08 | 0.0431 | 0.0005 | 1 | 0.13 | 1.07 |
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Di Nardo, A.; Di Natale, M.; Giudicianni, C.; Santonastaso, G.F.; Tzatchkov, V.; Varela, J.M.R. Economic and Energy Criteria for District Meter Areas Design of Water Distribution Networks. Water 2017, 9, 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070463
Di Nardo A, Di Natale M, Giudicianni C, Santonastaso GF, Tzatchkov V, Varela JMR. Economic and Energy Criteria for District Meter Areas Design of Water Distribution Networks. Water. 2017; 9(7):463. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070463
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Nardo, Armando, Michele Di Natale, Carlo Giudicianni, Giovanni Francesco Santonastaso, Velitchko Tzatchkov, and José Manuel Rodriguez Varela. 2017. "Economic and Energy Criteria for District Meter Areas Design of Water Distribution Networks" Water 9, no. 7: 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070463