Is Incisor Compensation Related to Skeletal Discrepancies in Skeletal Class III? A Retrospective Cephalometric Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study Sample Calculation and Group Designations
2.3. Lateral Cephalometric Assessments
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | Definition |
---|---|
Skeletal | |
SNA (degree) | This angle is formed by a line through the SN plane and point A, which represents the relative anteroposterior position of the maxilla to the cranial base. |
SNB (degree) | This angle is formed by a line through the SN plane and point B, which represents the relative anteroposterior position of the mandible to the cranial base. |
ANB (degree) | This angle is formed by lines NA and NB and represents the relative anteroposterior position of the maxilla to the mandible. This measurement is commonly used in orthodontics to determine skeletal classification. |
FH plane | The Frankfort horizontal plane is defined as a line passing through the lowest point of the lower margin of the orbitale (Or) and the uppermost points of Porion (Po). |
PP plane | The palatal plane is a horizontal plane that passes through the points of the posterior nasal spine (PNS) and the anterior nasal spine (ANS). |
MP plane | The mandibular plane is a horizontal plane that passes through the points Menton (Me) and Gonion (Go). |
FH-MP (degree) | This is the angle between the Frankfort Horizontal plane and the mandibular plane. |
Dental | |
U1-NA (degree) | This angle is between the long axis (incisal edge to the apex of the root) of the maxillary central incisors (U1) and the NA plane. |
U1-NA (mm) | The linear distance between the tip of the upper central incisor (U1) perpendicular to the NA line in millimeters. |
L1-NB (degree) | This is the angle between the long axis of the mandibular incisors and the NB plane. |
L1-NB (mm) | The linear distance between the tip of the lower central incisor (L1) perpendicular to the NB line in millimeters. |
U1-L1 (degree) | This angle is between the long axis of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors. |
U1-PP (degree) | This angle is between the long axis of the maxillary central incisors and the palatal plane. |
L1-MP (degree) | This angle is between the long axis of the mandibular central incisors and the mandibular plane. |
OB (mm) | This is the vertical overlap of the incisors. |
OJ (mm) | This is the horizontal overlap of the incisors. |
Variables | Skeletal | OMx+PMd | RMx+OMd | OMx+OMd | PMx+PMd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class I (SI) | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 | |
Frequency | 30 | 34 | 21 | 62 | 20 |
Proportions | N/A | 24.82% | 15.32% | 45.26% | 14.60% |
Age | 24.86 ± 2.65 | 25.23 ± 4.62 | 24.25 ± 2.36 | 25.01 ± 4.98 | 23.38 ± 2.56 |
Male/Female | 14/16 | 15/19 | 10/11 | 29/33 | 9/11 |
SNA | 83.27 ± 3.17 | 83.88 ± 1.30 | 76.75 ± 2.38 | 82.68 ± 1.85 | 92.60 ± 2.40 |
SNB | 81.85 ± 3.77 | 91.92 ± 1.98 | 80.92 ± 2.43 | 83.35 ± 1.14 | 92.20 ± 2.99 |
ANB | 3.76 ± 1.14 | −8.08 ± 1.98 | −4.17 ± 2.86 | −0.67 ± 2.11 | 0.40 ± 0.59 |
FH-MP | 22.54 ± 3.61 | 23.00 ± 4.51 | 24.50 ± 4.48 | 27.53 ± 5.36 | 29.40 ± 5.32 |
Variables | Skeletal Class I (SI) | OMx+PMd Group 1 | RMx+OMd Group 2 | OMx+OMd Group 3 | PMx+PMd Group 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U1-NA (degree) | 23.25 ± 4.07 | 30.92 ± 4.26 | 35.92 ± 4.56 | 32.05 ± 5.48 | 28.0 ± 5.79 |
U1-NA (mm) | 5.32 ± 1.23 | 7.46 ± 2.99 | 8.42 ± 3.73 | 7.53 ± 2.20 | 5.80 ± 1.25 |
L1-NB (degree) | 32.03 ± 3.43 | 20.08 ± 5.11 | 21.08 ± 4.52 | 28.49 ± 6.52 | 24.80 ± 0.79 |
L1-NB (mm) | 6.35 ± 1.32 | 5.04 ± 2.99 | 6.17 ± 4.17 | 7.40 ± 3.44 | 7.80 ± 0.62 |
U1-L1 (degree) | 124.09 ± 4.75 | 134.00 ± 7.41 | 125.25 ± 5.71 | 121.33 ± 5.50 | 116.80 ± 3.23 |
U1-PP | 119.46 ± 3.94 | 123.84 ± 7.11 | 123.25 ± 5.15 | 123.32 ± 4.88 | 123.80 ± 3.09 |
L1-MP | 97.04 ± 3.79 | 82.88 ± 5.04 | 84.75 ± 5.07 | 88.75 ± 5.77 | 89.80 ± 2.25 |
OB | 1.67 ± 0.67 | 2.44 ± 2.52 | 2.00 ± 2.00 | 0.75 ± 1.34 | 0.60 ± 0.40 |
OJ | 1.66 ± 0.40 | −2.60 ± 2.18 | −2.08 ± 1.98 | −1.32 ± 1.21 | −2.00 ± 1.30 |
Variables | SI-1 | SI-2 | SI-3 | SI-4 | 1–2 | 1–3 | 1–4 | 2–3 | 2–4 | 3–4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U1-NA (degree) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.184 | 0.086 | 1.000 | 0.534 | 0.490 | 0.001 * | 0.020 * |
U1-NA (mm) | 0.002 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.058 | 1.000 | 0.005 * | 0.008 * |
L1-NB (degree) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.083 | 0.001 * | 1.000 | <0.001 * | 0.159 | 0.004 * | 1.000 | 0.325 |
L1-NB (mm) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 * | 1.000 | 0.027 * | <0.001 * | 1.000 | 0.014 * | 0.007 * |
U1-L1 (degree) | 0.002 * | 1.000 | 0.611 | <0.001 * | 0.223 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.682 | 0.002 * | 0.024 * |
U1-PP | 0.019 * | 0.602 | 0.002 * | 0.019 * | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
L1-MP | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | 1.000 | <0.001 * | 0.006 * | 0.436 | 0.480 | 1.000 |
OB | 1.000 | 1.000 | <0.001 * | 0.025 * | 1.000 | <0.001 * | 0.040 * | 0.151 | 0.578 | 1.000 |
OJ | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1.000 | 0.058 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.742 |
Variables | OMx+OMd | OMx+PMd (1 SD) | OMx+PMd (2 SDs) |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency | 62 | 22 | 12 |
Proportions | 64.59 | 22.91 | 12.50 |
SNA | 82.68 ± 1.85 | 83.55 ± 1.60 | 83.83 ± 1.03 |
SNB | 83.35 ± 1.14 | 87.55 ± 1.10 | 91.92 ± 1.93 |
ANB | −0.67 ± 2.11 | −4.00 ± 1.57 | −8.08 ± 1.98 |
FH-MP | 27.53 ± 5.36 | 23.00 ± 5.51 | 23.00 ± 4.51 |
U1-NA (degree) | 32.05 ± 5.48 | 30.95 ± 3.67 | 30.08 ± 4.56 |
U1-NA (mm) | 7.53 ± 2.20 | 7.20 ± 2.21 | 7.50 ± 3.50 |
L1-NB (degree) | 28.49 ± 6.52 | 20.64 ± 5.88 | 19.25 ± 4.05 |
L1-NB (mm) | 7.40 ± 3.44 | 5.68 ± 2.61 | 4.92 ± 3.55 |
U1-PP | 123.32 ± 4.88 | 123.73 ± 6.68 | 123.75 ± 5.83 |
L1-MP | 88.75 ± 5.77 | 83.50 ± 6.36 | 81.58 ± 3.24 |
Variables | OMx+OMd vs. OMx+PMd (1 SD) | OMx+OMd vs. OMx+PMd (2 SDs) | OMx+PMd (1 SD) vs. OMx+PMd (2 SDs) |
---|---|---|---|
SNA | 0.140 | 0.113 | 0.896 |
SNB | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
ANB | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * |
FH-MP | 0.004 * | 0.031 * | 1.000 |
U1-NA (degree) | 0.682 | 0.465 | 0.889 |
U1-NA (mm) | 0.868 | 0.999 | 0.943 |
L1-NB (degree) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.819 |
L1-NB (mm) | 0.118 | 0.063 | 0.810 |
U1-PP | 0.956 | 0.969 | 1.000 |
L1-MP | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.819 |
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Mathapun, J.; Charoemratrote, C. Is Incisor Compensation Related to Skeletal Discrepancies in Skeletal Class III? A Retrospective Cephalometric Study. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14101021
Mathapun J, Charoemratrote C. Is Incisor Compensation Related to Skeletal Discrepancies in Skeletal Class III? A Retrospective Cephalometric Study. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(10):1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14101021
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathapun, Jirath, and Chairat Charoemratrote. 2024. "Is Incisor Compensation Related to Skeletal Discrepancies in Skeletal Class III? A Retrospective Cephalometric Study" Diagnostics 14, no. 10: 1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14101021