Associations of Muscle Strength with Central Aspects of Pain: Data from the Knee Pain and Related Health in the Community (KPIC) Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Self-Report Knee Pain Severity
2.3. Central Aspects of Pain Factor
2.4. Pressure Pain Detection Thresholds
2.5. Radiographic Assessment
2.6. Ultrasound Imaging
2.7. Quadriceps Strength
2.8. Handgrip Strength
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Associations of Pain Mechanism Indices with Quadriceps Strength
3.3. Associations of Knee Pain and Pain Mechanisms with Handgrip Strength
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Early Knee Pain Group | Established Knee Pain (n = 103) | No Knee Pain (n = 98) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Early Knee Pain (n = 219) | Participants with Muscle Strength Data at 1 Year (n = 164) | |||
Demographics and lifestyle | ||||
Age (years), mean (SD) | 60 (9) | 61 (9) | 60 (10) | 61 (10) |
Female % (n) | 61% (134) | 62% (102) | 61% (63) | 60% (59) |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.8 (5.6) | 28.5 (5.2) | 31.5 (6.5) | 26.9 (4.3) |
Muscle strength | ||||
Quadriceps strength (kg), median (IQR) | 16.2 (11.1–23.1) | 16.8 (11.7–23.9) | 11.4 (6.8–15.6) | 16.5 (12.0–18.6) |
Handgrip strength (kg), median (IQR) | 24.0 (17.3–32.2) | 24.0 (17.5–32.6) | 22.3 (15.0–30.3) | 25.2 (18.6–34.7) |
Pain | ||||
Average 4-week knee pain, 0–10, mean (SD) | 5.3 (2.5) | 5.1 (2.5) | 8.0 (1.7) | Not measured |
Central mechanisms | ||||
PPT (proximal tibial; kPa), median (IQR) | 399 (278–540) | 411 (298–576) | 316 (217–488) | 377 (270–581) |
CAPF, mean (SD) | 6.9 (4.1) | 6.2 (3.8) | 10.7 (4.3) | Not measured |
Peripheral mechanisms | ||||
Joint space narrowing, median (IQR) | 0 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–4) | 0 (0–1) |
Osteophyte, median (IQR) | 2 (0–6) | 2 (0–6) | 7 (2–15) | 1 (0–2) |
NLDA X-ray (range 0–36), median (IQR) | 2 (0–8) | 2 (0–8) | 8 (2–14) | 1 (0–3) |
K&L Score ≥2 Tibiofemoral Joint % (n) | 23% (48) | 23% (38) | 46% (46) | 5% (5) |
Ultrasound Doppler signal present % (n) | 3% (7) | 4% (7) | 3% (3) | 0% (0) |
Ultrasound effusion (mm) median (IQR) | 3.5 (1.7–5.9) | 3.5 (1.1–5.7) | 5.6 (3.2–8.4) | 2.7 (1.9–4.9) |
Ultrasound synovial hypertrophy (mm) median (IQR) | 0 (0–3.4) | 0 (0–3.4) | 3.7 (0–6.6) | 0 (0–0) |
Total ultrasound, median (IQR) | 3.9 (2.0–9.4) | 3.9 (2.0–8.9) | 9.1 (3.9–14.8) | 2.8 (1.9–6.10) |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | β | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quadriceps strength | CAPF | −0.24 | −0.37 to −0.11 | <0.001 |
PPT | 0.14 | 0.01 to 0.26 | 0.031 | |
NLDA | −0.09 | −0.22 to 0.05 | 0.195 | |
Ultrasound total | −0.04 | −0.17 to 0.10 | 0.595 | |
Age | −0.05 | −0.18 to 0.08 | 0.442 | |
Sex | −0.28 | −0.40 to −0.16 | <0.001 | |
BMI | 0.06 | −0.07 to 0.18 | 0.351 | |
Study group | −0.14 | −0.28 to 0.00 | 0.057 | |
Handgrip strength | CAPF | −0.21 | −0.33 to −0.08 | 0.001 |
PPT | 0.19 | 0.08 to 0.30 | <0.001 | |
Age | −0.15 | −0.26 to −0.05 | 0.005 | |
Sex | −0.47 | −0.57 to −0.37 | <0.001 | |
BMI | 0.08 | −0.03 to 0.18 | 0.145 | |
Study group | −0.03 | −0.15 to 0.09 | 0.620 |
Dependent Variable | Baseline Independent Variable | β | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year 1 quadriceps strength | CAPF | −0.28 | −0.55 to −0.01 | 0.040 |
PPT | 0.07 | −0.14 to 0.28 | 0.515 | |
NLDA | 0.01 | −0.27 to 0.29 | 0.934 | |
Ultrasound total | 0.16 | −0.12 to 0.44 | 0.257 | |
Age | −0.23 | −0.45 to 0.03 | 0.055 | |
Sex | −0.17 | −0.41 to 0.07 | 0.173 | |
BMI | 0.04 | −0.22 to 0.29 | 0.785 | |
Quadriceps strength | 0.22 | −0.02 to 0.46 | 0.071 | |
Year 1 handgrip strength | CAPF | −0.19 | −0.33 to −0.05 | 0.008 |
PPT | 0.03 | −0.08 to 0.14 | 0.589 | |
Age | −0.19 | −0.32 to −0.06 | 0.005 | |
Sex | −0.25 | −0.40 to −0.10 | 0.001 | |
BMI | −0.04 | −0.17 to 0.09 | 0.554 | |
Handgrip strength | 0.69 | 0.49 to 0.89 | <0.001 |
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McWilliams, D.F.; Yue, B.; Smith, S.L.; Stocks, J.; Doherty, M.; Valdes, A.M.; Zhang, W.; Sarmanova, A.; Fernandes, G.S.; Akin-Akinyosoye, K.; et al. Associations of Muscle Strength with Central Aspects of Pain: Data from the Knee Pain and Related Health in the Community (KPIC) Cohort. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101450
McWilliams DF, Yue B, Smith SL, Stocks J, Doherty M, Valdes AM, Zhang W, Sarmanova A, Fernandes GS, Akin-Akinyosoye K, et al. Associations of Muscle Strength with Central Aspects of Pain: Data from the Knee Pain and Related Health in the Community (KPIC) Cohort. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(10):1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101450
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcWilliams, Daniel F., Bin Yue, Stephanie L. Smith, Joanne Stocks, Michael Doherty, Ana M. Valdes, Weiya Zhang, Aliya Sarmanova, Gwen S. Fernandes, Kehinde Akin-Akinyosoye, and et al. 2023. "Associations of Muscle Strength with Central Aspects of Pain: Data from the Knee Pain and Related Health in the Community (KPIC) Cohort" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 10: 1450. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13101450