White Matter Hyperintensities in Young Patients from a Neurological Outpatient Clinic: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Correlation with Enlarged Perivascular Spaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Brain MRI
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Distribution and Severity of WMH
3.3. Risk Factors of WMH
3.4. Correlation between WMH and ePVS
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Demographic Factors on WMH
4.2. Influence of Clinical Symptoms on WMH
4.3. Correlation between WMH and ePVS
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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16–25 Years (n = 159) | 26–35 Years (n = 260) | 36–45 Years (n = 468) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male, n (%) | 52 (32.7%) | 116 (44.6%) | 221 (47.2%) |
Vascular risk factors | Diabetes, n (%) | 1 (0.6%) | 7 (2.6%) | 16 (3.4%) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 4 (2.5%) | 20 (7.6%) | 48 (12.3%) | |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 2 (1.2%) | 6 (2.3%) | 17 (3.6%) | |
Symptoms | Absent, n (%) | 6 (3.7%) | 19 (7.3%) | 28 (5.9%) |
Headache, n (%) | 54 (33.9%) | 54 (20.7%) | 119 (25.4%) | |
Dizziness, n (%) | 19 (11.9%) | 54 (20.7%) | 104 (22.2%) | |
Vertigo, n (%) | 6 (3.7%) | 10 (3.8%) | 19 (4.0%) | |
Syncope, n (%) | 5 (3.1%) | 7 (2.6%) | 5 (1.0%) | |
Light-headedness, n (%) | 3 (1.8%) | 9 (3.4%) | 15 (3.2%) | |
Somatic symptoms, n (%) | 10 (6.2%) | 30 (11.5%) | 30 (6.4%) | |
Hearing disturbances, n (%) | 2 (1.2%) | 9 (3.4%) | 20 (4.2%) | |
Visual disturbances, n (%) | 3 (1.8%) | 8 (3.0%) | 10 (2.1%) | |
Convulsions, n (%) | 5 (3.1%) | 21 (8.0%) | 20 (4.2%) | |
Tremors, n (%) | 3 (1.8%) | 6 (2.3%) | 12 (2.5%) | |
Sleeping disturbances, n (%) | 5 (3.1%) | 13 (5.0%) | 35 (7.4%) | |
Unspecified, n (%) | 38 (23.8%) | 20 (7.6%) | 51 (10.8%) |
16–25 Years (n = 159) | 26–35 Years (n = 260) | 36–45 Years (n = 468) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DWMH | 0, n (%) | 124 (77.9%) | 169 (65.0%) | 278 (59.4%) |
1, n (%) | 32 (20.1%) | 74 (28.4%) | 153 (32.6%) | |
2, n (%) | 3 (1.8%) | 16 (6.1%) | 34 (7.2%) | |
3, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 3 (0.6%) | |
PWMH | 0, n (%) | 158 (99.3%) | 242 (93.0%) | 423 (90.3%) |
1, n (%) | 1 (0.6%) | 9 (3.4%) | 30 (6.4%) | |
2, n (%) | 0 (0.6%) | 6 (2.3%) | 10 (2.1%) | |
3, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 5 (1.0%) | |
CSO-ePVS score | 0, n (%) | 21 (13.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
1, n (%) | 128 (80.5%) | 254 (97.7%) | 70 (14.9%) | |
2, n (%) | 8 (5.0%) | 4 (1.5%) | 340 (72.6%) | |
3, n (%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (0.4%) | 55 (11.7%) | |
4, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | |
BG-ePVS score | 1, n (%) | 154 (96.8%) | 253 (97.3%) | 282 (60.2%) |
2, n (%) | 3 (3.1%) | 3 (1.2%) | 147 (37.1%) | |
3, n (%) | 2 (1.3%) | 2 (0.8%) | 8 (1.7%) | |
4, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 4 (0.9%) |
DWMH | p-Value | PWMH | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent (n = 571) | Present (n = 316) | Absent (n = 823) | Present (n = 64) | |||
Age (years) | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
16–25, n (%) | 124 (21.7) | 35 (11.1) | 158 (19.2) | 1 (1.6) | ||
26–35, n (%) | 169 (29.6) | 91 (28.8) | 242 (29.4) | 18 (28.1) | ||
36–45, n (%) | 278 (48.7) | 190 (60.1) | 423 (51.4) | 45 (70.3) | ||
Male, n (%) | 250 (43.8) | 139 (44.0) | 0.953 | 350 (42.5) | 39 (60.9) | 0.004 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 15 (2.6) | 9 (2.8) | 0.846 | 21 (2.6) | 3 (4.7) | 0.539 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 39 (6.8) | 43 (13.6) | 0.001 | 67 (8.1) | 15 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 16 (2.8) | 9 (2.8) | 0.968 | 21 (2.6) | 4 (6.3) | 0.184 |
Symptoms | ||||||
Absent, n (%) | 38 (6.7) | 15 (4.7) | 0.251 | 52 (6.3) | 1 (1.6) | 0.122 |
Headache, n (%) | 137 (24.0) | 90 (28.5) | 0.142 | 212 (25.8) | 15 (23.4) | 0.682 |
Dizziness, n (%) | 117 (20.5) | 60 (19.0) | 0.592 | 165 (20.0) | 12 (18.8) | 0.802 |
Vertigo, n (%) | 24 (4.2) | 11 (3.5) | 0.597 | 31 (3.8) | 4 (6.3) | 0.326 |
Syncope, n (%) | 7 (1.2) | 10 (3.2) | 0.044 | 17 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.492 |
Light-headedness, n (%) | 18 (3.2) | 9 (2.8) | 0.801 | 25 (3.0) | 2 (1.9) | 0.999 |
Somatic symptoms, n (%) | 47 (8.2) | 23 (7.3) | 0.614 | 65 (7.9) | 5 (7.8) | 0.981 |
Hearing disturbance, n (%) | 20 (3.5) | 11 (3.5) | 0.987 | 30 (3.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0.603 |
Visual disturbance, n (%) | 13 (2.3) | 8 (2.5) | 0.811 | 19 (2.3) | 2 (3.1) | 0.999 |
Convulsion, n (%) | 33 (5.8) | 13 (4.1) | 0.284 | 41 (5.0) | 5 (7.8) | 0.489 |
Tremor, n (%) | 14 (2.5) | 7 (2.2) | 0.824 | 18 (2.2) | 3 (4.7) | 0.401 |
Sleep disturbance, n (%) | 24 (4.2) | 29 (9.2) | 0.003 | 41 (5.0) | 12 (18.8) | <0.001 |
Unspecified, n (%) | 79 (13.8) | 30 (9.5) | 0.059 | 107 (13.0) | 2 (3.1) | 0.020 |
OR (95% CI) | p | |
---|---|---|
DWMH | ||
Age (years) | ||
16–25 | 1 (referent) | |
26–35 | 1.913 (1.195–3.061) | 0.007 |
36–45 | 2.336 (1.514–3.605) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 1.915 (1.201–3.053) | 0.006 |
Headache | 1.450 (1.035–2.030) | 0.031 |
Syncope | 3.647 (1.329–10.004) | 0.012 |
Sleep disturbance | 2.404 (1.344–4.299) | 0.003 |
Unspecified | 0.885 (0.549–1.427) | 0.617 |
PWMH | ||
Age | ||
16–25 | 1 (referent) | |
26–35 | 9.852 (1.293–75.097) | 0.027 |
36–45 | 12.393 (1.679–91.490) | 0.014 |
Female | 0.555 (0.324–0.950) | 0.032 |
Hypertension | 2.645 (1.370–5.107) | 0.004 |
Hyperlipidemia | 1.865 (0.591–5.883) | 0.288 |
Absent | 0.263 (0.035–1.970) | 0.194 |
Sleep disturbance | 3.860 (1.855–8.032) | <0.001 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
CSO-ePVS | 1.828 | 1.120–2.983 | 0.016 | 1.766 | 1.079–2.892 | 0.024 | 1.828 | 1.098–3.045 | 0.020 |
BG-ePVS | 1.667 | 1.163–2.391 | 0.005 | 1.570 | 1.088–2.267 | 0.016 | 1.540 | 1.059–2.239 | 0.024 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
CSO-ePVS | 2.551 | 0.910–7.153 | 0.075 | 2.074 | 0.794–5.421 | 0.137 | 2.067 | 0.787–5.431 | 0.141 |
BG-ePVS | 3.465 | 1.861–6.452 | <0.001 | 3.007 | 1.616–5.595 | 0.001 | 3.427 | 1.802–6.520 | <0.001 |
DWMH | Gamma Coefficient | p | PWMH | Gamma Coefficient | p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||
CSO-ePVS | 0.263 | <0.001 | ||||||||||
Low | 333 (70.4) | 117 (24.7) | 23 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||||||||
High | 238 (57.5) | 142 (34.3) | 30 (7.2) | 4 (1.0) | ||||||||
BG-ePVS | 0.289 | <0.001 | 0.579 | <0.001 | ||||||||
Low | 467 (67.8) | 183 (26.6) | 37 (5.4) | 2 (0.3) | 657 (95.4) | 18 (2.6) | 9 (1.3) | 5 (0.7) | ||||
High | 60 (52.5) | 46 (38.4) | 11 (8.1) | 1 (1.0) | 166 (83.8) | 22 (11.1) | 7 (3.5) | 3 (1.5) |
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Zou, Q.; Wang, M.; Zhang, D.; Wei, X.; Li, W. White Matter Hyperintensities in Young Patients from a Neurological Outpatient Clinic: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Correlation with Enlarged Perivascular Spaces. J. Pers. Med. 2023, 13, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030525
Zou Q, Wang M, Zhang D, Wei X, Li W. White Matter Hyperintensities in Young Patients from a Neurological Outpatient Clinic: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Correlation with Enlarged Perivascular Spaces. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023; 13(3):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030525
Chicago/Turabian StyleZou, Qiaoqiao, Mingliang Wang, Danni Zhang, Xiaoer Wei, and Wenbin Li. 2023. "White Matter Hyperintensities in Young Patients from a Neurological Outpatient Clinic: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Correlation with Enlarged Perivascular Spaces" Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 3: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030525