Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Parameters on Penetration and Microstructure Characterization of a DP1000 Steel Butt Joint
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Base Material Characterization: DP1000 Steel
3. Experimental Procedures
3.1. Cutting Surface Preparation for Pre-Welding Sample
3.2. Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Set-Up
3.3. Design Optimization of Welding Sample Fixture
3.4. Microstructure and Micro-Hardness Testing
4. Process Parameter Dependent Theory
4.1. Process Parameters Relationship of General Laser Welding
4.2. Pulse Welding Parameters
4.3. Design of Experiments for Laser Welding
5. Results and Discussions
5.1. Effects of Laser Beam Parameters on Weld Penetration
5.1.1. Effects of Laser Beam Power on Weld Penetration
5.1.2. Effects of Pulse Duration on Weld Penetration
5.1.3. Effects of Overlap on Weld Penetration
5.1.4. Effects of Spot Laser Diameter on Weld Penetration
5.1.5. Effects of Pulse Type on Penetration
5.1.6. Effects of Welding Velocity on Weld Penetration
5.1.7. ANOVA for Quadratic Model of Weld Penetration
5.2. Effects of Laser Parameters on Hardness and Its Microstructure Observation
5.2.1. Microscopic and Macroscopic Hardness
5.2.2. Microstructure Characterization of Nd:YAG Laser Welded Joint
6. Conclusions
- The ideal laser beam power for welding in the studied case should be between 40% and 60% with a sharp rise. However, the sensitivity of the weld penetration to the greater than 60% laser beam power becomes less pronounced.
- The greater the pulse duration, the deeper the weld penetration.
- The overlap seems not to affect the weld penetration, but only up to the value of 80%.
- The weld penetration has a sharp decrease when the applied spot diameter increases from 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm.
- The pulse type has no significant effect on penetration, with the exception of the scale expanded pulse.
- The penetration seems to be directly influenced by the welding velocity, i.e., the higher the welding velocity, the deeper the weld penetration.
- The ANOVA tests applied to the individual coefficients in the regression model show that the Model F-value of weld penetration response is 12.94, which implies that the models are significant. The determination coefficient of the regression analysis results indicates that a high degree of correlation between the experimental values and empirical calculated values is obtained from the models.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Series | Power (%) | Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Pulse Type | Energy (J) | Velocity (mm/s) | Max. Velocity (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | 20 | - | - | - | - | 24.0 | - | 6.3 |
A2 | 40 | 43.5 | 3.5 | |||||
A3 | 60 | 66.1 | 2.2 | |||||
A4 | 80 | 91.6 | 1.6 | |||||
A5 | 86 | 100.0 | 1.4 |
Series | Power (%) | Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Pulse Type | Energy (J) | Velocity (mm/s) | Max. Velocity (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | 50 | 0.3 | 50 | 1.3 | Simple rectangular | 1.3 | 1.4 | 10 |
B2 | 3 | 13.0 | 10 | |||||
B3 | 6 | 26.1 | 5.8 | |||||
B4 | 9 | 39.1 | 3.9 | |||||
B5 | 12 | 52.2 | 2.9 | |||||
B6 | 15 | 65.2 | 2.3 | |||||
B7 | 18 | 78.3 | 1.9 | |||||
B8 | 21 | 91.3 | 1.6 | |||||
B9 | 23 | 100.0 | 1.4 |
Series | Power (%) | Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Pulse Type | Energy (J) | Velocity (mm/s) | Max. Velocity (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | 50 | 12.5 | 0 | 1.3 | Simple rectangular | 54.3 | 0.2 | 5.5 |
C2 | 20 | 4.4 | ||||||
C3 | 40 | 3.3 | ||||||
C4 | 60 | 2.2 | ||||||
C5 | 80 | 1.1 | ||||||
C6 | 95 | 0.2 |
Series | Power (%) | Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Pulse Type | Energy (J) | Velocity (mm/s) | Max. Velocity (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D1 | 50 | 12.5 | 50 | 0.6 | Simple rectangular | 54.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 |
D2 | 0.8 | 1.7 | ||||||
D3 | 1.0 | 2.1 | ||||||
D4 | 1.2 | 2.5 | ||||||
D5 | 1.4 | 3.0 | ||||||
D6 | 1.6 | 3.4 | ||||||
D7 | 1.8 | 3.8 | ||||||
D8 | 2.0 | 4.3 |
Series | Power (%) | Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Pulse Type | Energy (J) | Velocity (mm/s) | Max. Velocity (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E1 | 50 | 12.5 | 50 | 1.3 | 54.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | |
E2 | 54.5 | 2.7 | ||||||
E3 | 59.0 | 2.6 | ||||||
E4 | 59.0 | 2.6 | ||||||
E5 | 56.9 | 2.6 | ||||||
E6 | 53.4 | 2.8 | ||||||
E7 | 28.5 | 5.3 |
Series | Power (%) | Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Pulse Type | Energy (J) | Velocity (mm/s) | Max. Velocity (mm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 50 | 12.5 | 50 | 1.3 | Simple rectangular | 54.3 | 0.1 | 2.7 |
F2 | 1.0 | |||||||
F3 | 1.5 | |||||||
F4 | 2.0 | |||||||
F5 | 2.7 |
Source | SS | DF | MS | F-Value | p-Value | Evaluation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 1.446 | 14 | 0.13 | 12.94 | 0.0036 | Significant |
A | 0.115 | 1 | 0.12 | 10.37 | 0.0181 | - |
B | 0.010 | 1 | 0.010 | 0.88 | 0.3839 | |
C | 0.379 | 1 | 0.379 | 34.13 | 0.0011 | |
D | 0.014 | 1 | 0.014 | 1.30 | 0.2976 | |
E | 0.003 | 1 | 0.003 | 1.02 | 0.3505 | |
F | 0.008 | 1 | 0.008 | 2.59 | 0.1587 | |
AB | 0.074 | 1 | 0.074 | 6.65 | 0.0419 | |
AC | 0.138 | 1 | 0.138 | 12.40 | 0.0125 | |
AD | 0.003 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.28 | 0.6188 | |
AE | 0.060 | 1 | 0.060 | 5.36 | 0.0599 | |
AF | 0.045 | 1 | 0.045 | 4.02 | 0.0919 | |
BC | 0.099 | 1 | 0.099 | 8.91 | 0.0245 | |
BD | 0.073 | 1 | 0.073 | 23.42 | 0.0029 | |
BE | 0.020 | 1 | 0.020 | 6.48 | 0.0437 | |
BF | 0.065 | 1 | 0.065 | 20.66 | 0.0039 | |
CD | 0.079 | 1 | 0.079 | 25.35 | 0.0024 | |
CE | 0.040 | 1 | 0.040 | 12.73 | 0.0118 | |
CF | 0.009 | 1 | 0.009 | 2.81 | 0.1447 | |
DE | 0.007 | 1 | 0.007 | 2.40 | 0.1724 | |
DF | 0.019 | 1 | 0.019 | 5.93 | 0.0508 | |
EF | 0.154 | 1 | 0.154 | 49.40 | 0.0004 | |
A2 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.09 | 0.7744 | |
B2 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.05 | 0.8341 | |
C2 | 0.013 | 1 | 0.013 | 1.13 | 0.3293 | |
D2 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 | 0.17 | 0.6938 | |
E2 | 0.080 | 1 | 0.080 | 25.61 | 0.0023 | |
F2 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.007 | 2.30 | 0.1798 | |
Residual | 0.067 | 6 | 0.011 | - | - | |
Total | 1.512 | 20 | - | - | - |
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C | Si | Mn | P | S | N | Cr | Ni | Cu | Al | V | B | Nb | Cekv |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.14 | 0.20 | 1.46 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.051 | 0.01 | 0.0004 | 0.014 | 0.39 |
Cekv = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15 |
Direction | Elastic Modulus, E (GPa) | Poisson’ Ratio υ | Yield Stress σy (MPa) | Ultimate Stress σu (MPa) | Elongation e (%) | Hardness HV0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RD | 210 | 0.3 | 779 | 1125 | 9.35 | 382 |
Series | Parameters | Variation of Single Factor |
---|---|---|
A | Power percent (%) | 20, 40, 60, 80, 86 |
B | Duration (ms) | 0.3, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23 |
C | Overlap (%) | 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 95 |
D | Laser beam diameter (mm) | 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 |
E | Pulse type | |
F | Velocity (mm/s) | 0.1, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.7 |
Material | Power (%) | Pulse Duration (ms) | Overlap (%) | Diameter (mm) | Velocity (mm/s) | Energy (J) | Pulse Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DP1000 | 57 | 9.0 | 60 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 45 | Rec. |
Material Tested | Micro-Indentation | Vickers |
---|---|---|
Base DP 1000 steel | 425 HV (10.7 GPa) | 382 HV |
Heat-affected zone | 372 HV (9.36 GPa) | 316 HV |
Fusion zone of weld | 504 HV (14.5 GPa) | 449 HV |
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Xue, X.; Pereira, A.B.; Amorim, J.; Liao, J. Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Parameters on Penetration and Microstructure Characterization of a DP1000 Steel Butt Joint. Metals 2017, 7, 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7080292
Xue X, Pereira AB, Amorim J, Liao J. Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Parameters on Penetration and Microstructure Characterization of a DP1000 Steel Butt Joint. Metals. 2017; 7(8):292. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7080292
Chicago/Turabian StyleXue, Xin, António B. Pereira, José Amorim, and Juan Liao. 2017. "Effects of Pulsed Nd:YAG Laser Welding Parameters on Penetration and Microstructure Characterization of a DP1000 Steel Butt Joint" Metals 7, no. 8: 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/met7080292