Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Field Trials
2.2. Assessment of Fusarium in Straw Residues
2.3. Grain Samples
2.4. Quantification of Fusarium DNA in Harvested Grain
2.5. Assessment of Mycotoxins in Harvested Grain
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fusarium langsethiae DNA and HT2 + T2 in Oat Grain
3.2. Fusarium graminearum DNA and DON in Oat Grain
3.3. Fusarium avenaceum DNA and Related Mycotoxins in Oat Grain
3.4. Other Mycotoxins
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable 1 | Field Location and Year | Mean 2 | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|
F. langsethiae DNA | Solør 2011 | 2164 | 665 | 5277 |
(pg/µg) | Solør 2012 | 1223 | 168 | 3947 |
Østfold 2011 | 2598 | 1730 | 4132 | |
Østfold 2012 | 1473 | 477 | 4615 | |
HT2 + T2 (µg/kg) | Solør 2010 | 348 | 3 | 986 |
Solør 2011 | 190 | 4 | 422 | |
Solør 2012 | 271 | 59 | 657 | |
Østfold 2010 | 151 | 35 | 431 | |
Østfold 2011 | 120 | 20 | 231 | |
Østfold 2012 | 533 | 144 | 1370 | |
F. graminearum DNA | Solør 2011 | 1684 | 343 | 3609 |
(pg/µg) | Solør 2012 | 248 | 11 | 1095 |
Østfold 2011 | 3225 | 357 | 8601 | |
Østfold 2012 | 207 | 9 | 554 | |
DON (µg/kg) | Solør 2010 | 985 | 303 | 1877 |
Solør 2011 | 334 | 17 | 678 | |
Solør 2012 | 709 | 202 | 2296 | |
Østfold 2010 | 506 | 240 | 1047 | |
Østfold 2011 | 1455 | 17 | 7468 | |
Østfold 2012 | 488 | 170 | 1866 | |
F. avenaceum DNA | Solør 2011 | 7317 | 2732 | 16,867 |
(pg/µg) | Solør 2012 | 604 | 166 | 1275 |
Østfold 2011 | 2247 | 310 | 4348 | |
Østfold 2012 | 303 | 86 | 1144 |
Field 1 | Treatm 2 | Fl DNA 3,4,5 (pg/µg) | HT2 + T2 6 (µg/kg) | Fg DNA 3 (pg/µg) | DON 6 (µg/kg) | Fa DNA 3 (pg/µg) | Grain Yield 7 (kg/daa) | Lodging 8 % | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solør | DAP | 1707 | a | 165 | a | 2518 | a | 573 | a | 6928 | a | 382 | 5% |
2011 | SSP | 1360 | a | 161 | a | 2109 | ab | 342 | ab | 5436 | a | 340 | 5% |
SAH | 3030 | a | 228 | a | 1419 | ab | 233 | b | 6556 | a | 367 | <5% | |
SSH | 2560 | a | 205 | a | 691 | b | 189 | b | 10,348 | a | 225 | <5% | |
Straw (p) 9 | 0.210 | 0.172 | 0.942 | 0.436 | 0.536 | ||||||||
Tillage (p) | 0.052 | 0.454 | 0.030 | 0.003 | 0.332 | ||||||||
R2(adj) 10 | 72% | 75% | 56% | 76% | 22% | ||||||||
Solør | DAP | 380 | a | 99 | a | 284 | a | 854 | a | 659 | ab | 426 | <5% |
2012 | SSP | 598 | ab | 170 | a | 520 | a | 1012 | a | 250 | a | 423 | <5% |
SAH | 1702 | ab | 340 | ab | 135 | a | 610 | a | 891 | b | 380 | <5% | |
SSH | 2211 | b | 476 | b | 53 | a | 358 | a | 615 | ab | 385 | <5% | |
Straw (p) | 0.611 | 0.252 | 0.621 | 0.454 | 0.225 | ||||||||
Tillage (p) | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.068 | 0.276 | 0.049 | ||||||||
R2(adj) | 54% | 65% | 33% | 27% | 36% | ||||||||
Østfold | DAP | 1954 | a | 34 | a | 3375 | a | 2102 | a | 3572 | a | 399 | 92% |
2011 | SSP | 2845 | a | 98 | b | 4535 | a | 1469 | a | 2243 | ab | 389 | 69% |
SAH | 2884 | a | 152 | c | 3471 | a | 2001 | a | 1543 | b | 513 | 20% | |
SSH | 2710 | a | 196 | c | 1519 | a | 247 | a | 1629 | b | 489 | 10% | |
Straw (p) | 0.415 | 0.661 | 0.577 | 0.443 | 0.318 | ||||||||
Tillage (p) | 0.048 | <0.001 | 0.371 | 0.646 | 0.020 | ||||||||
R2(adj) | 59% | 91% | 0% | 0% | 45% | ||||||||
Østfold | DAP | 919 | a | 484 | ab | 255 | a | 750 | a | 141 | a | 589 | <5% |
2012 | SSP | 833 | a | 302 | a | 302 | a | 338 | a | 341 | a | 547 | <5% |
SAH | 2375 | a | 780 | b | 89 | a | 410 | a | 402 | a | 573 | <5% | |
SSH | 1767 | a | 564 | ab | 179 | a | 453 | a | 328 | a | 531 | <5% | |
Straw (p) | 0.327 | 0.940 | 0.979 | 0.647 | 0.516 | ||||||||
Tillage (p) | 0.060 | 0.062 | 0.100 | 0.401 | 0.594 | ||||||||
R2(adj) | 56% | 62% | 59% | 38% | 22% |
Mycotoxin | LOQ, µg/kg | Number of Samples Analysed | Percentage of Samples > LOQ | Max. Conc. µg/kg |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside | 50 | 32 | 28 | 212 |
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol | 50 | 32 | 19 | 134 |
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol | 50 | 32 | 6 | 152 |
Zearalenone | 3 | 32 | 6 | 36 |
Nivalenol | 20 | 32 | 97 | 372 |
Enniatin A | 5 | 32 | 0 | <5 |
Enniatin A1 | 3 | 32 | 44 | 8 |
Enniatin B | 1 | 32 | 75 | 479 |
Enniatin B1 | 2 | 32 | 69 | 28 |
Beauvericin | 5 | 32 | 63 | 45 |
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Hofgaard, I.S.; Aamot, H.U.; Seehusen, T.; Holen, B.M.; Riley, H.; Dill-Macky, R.; Edwards, S.G.; Brodal, G. Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity. Pathogens 2022, 11, 1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111288
Hofgaard IS, Aamot HU, Seehusen T, Holen BM, Riley H, Dill-Macky R, Edwards SG, Brodal G. Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity. Pathogens. 2022; 11(11):1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111288
Chicago/Turabian StyleHofgaard, Ingerd Skow, Heidi Udnes Aamot, Till Seehusen, Børge Magne Holen, Hugh Riley, Ruth Dill-Macky, Simon G. Edwards, and Guro Brodal. 2022. "Reduced Risk of Oat Grain Contamination with Fusarium langsethiae and HT-2 and T-2 Toxins with Increasing Tillage Intensity" Pathogens 11, no. 11: 1288. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111288