Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Cellugyrin-(Synaptogyrin 2) Dependent Cellular Senescence in Oral Keratinocytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Oral Keratinocyte Culture and Gene Editing
2.2. Preparation of Cdt
2.3. Assessment of Cell Proliferation
2.4. Assessment of SA-β-Gal Activity
2.5. Assessment of Lipofuscin Content
2.6. Analysis of Cytokine Release from TIGK Cells
2.7. Analysis of Epithelial Barrier Integrity
3. Results
3.1. Cdt Induces a Senescent Cell Phenotype in Oral Epithelial Cells
3.2. Cdt Induces Oral Epithelial Cells to Exhibit the Senescent Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
3.3. Cdt-Induced Senescent PGKs Exhibit Loss of Barrier Function
3.4. Cdt-Induced Cellular Senescence Is Dependent on the Host Cell Protein Cellugyrin
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Shenker, B.J.; Korostoff, J.; Walker, L.P.; Zekavat, A.; Dhingra, A.; Kim, T.J.; Boesze-Battaglia, K. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Cellugyrin-(Synaptogyrin 2) Dependent Cellular Senescence in Oral Keratinocytes. Pathogens 2024, 13, 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020155
Shenker BJ, Korostoff J, Walker LP, Zekavat A, Dhingra A, Kim TJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Cellugyrin-(Synaptogyrin 2) Dependent Cellular Senescence in Oral Keratinocytes. Pathogens. 2024; 13(2):155. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020155
Chicago/Turabian StyleShenker, Bruce J., Jonathan Korostoff, Lisa P. Walker, Ali Zekavat, Anuradha Dhingra, Taewan J. Kim, and Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia. 2024. "Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Cellugyrin-(Synaptogyrin 2) Dependent Cellular Senescence in Oral Keratinocytes" Pathogens 13, no. 2: 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020155