Comparative Metabolome Analyses of Ivermectin-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Haemonchus contortus
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. H. contortus Strains and Samples
- (i)
- The Haecon-5 strain kindly presented by Professor Robin B. Gasser (University of Melbourne) and maintained in goats in Huazhong Agricultural, which is sensitive to all commercial anthelmintics.
- (ii)
- The Zhaosu strain, which was originally isolated in Zhaosu County, Xinjiang, China, as an IVM-resistant strain [22].
- (iii)
- Samples: Six goats (6-month-old goats free of parasites) were randomly divided into two groups (resistant strain and susceptible strain, three goats/group) and infected with the infective third-stage larvae (7000 L3s per goat) of the respective strain. The adult male and female worms of H. contortus were isolated from the abomasa of goats 45 days after infection. These adult worms were thoroughly washed in PBS and assigned into two groups with three biological replicates for each group. Each sample was made from 160 adult worms (80 males and 80 females/sample) of Haecon-5-S or Zhaosu-R. All samples were transferred to liquid nitrogen for storage until use.
2.2. Metabolite Extraction and HPLC-MS/MS Analysis
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Data Analysis for Quality Control of Samples
3.2. Total Sample PCA and PLS-DA Analyses
3.3. Overall Metabolomics Analysis of H. contortus
3.4. Differential Metabolite Analysis
3.5. Functional Annotation Analysis of the Differential Metabolites
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Quantity |
---|---|
Amino Acids and Derivatives | 154 |
Organic Acids and Derivatives | 105 |
Nucleotides and Derivates | 74 |
Fatty Acyls | 50 |
Carbohydrates and Derivatives | 42 |
Hormones | 36 |
Phospholipids | 26 |
Carnitines | 22 |
Organic heterocyclic compounds | 20 |
Sugar Acids and Derivatives | 14 |
Vitamins | 13 |
Eicosanoids | 12 |
Others | 11 |
Bile Acids | 11 |
Benzoic Acid and Derivatives | 11 |
Indole and Derivatives | 10 |
Benzene and substituted derivatives | 10 |
Cholines | 9 |
Pyridine and Derivatives | 9 |
Sugar Alcohols | 7 |
TCA Cycle | 7 |
Phenols and Derivatives | 7 |
Polyamines | 7 |
Phenolamides | 5 |
Prenol lipids | 4 |
Cinnamic acids and derivatives | 3 |
Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives | 3 |
Organic nitrogen compounds | 2 |
Ketones | 2 |
Purines and purine derivatives | 2 |
Glycerolipids | 2 |
Co-Enzyme Factors | 2 |
Alcohols and polyols | 2 |
Benzene and substituted derivatives | 2 |
Amines | 2 |
Esters | 1 |
Organic oxygen compounds | 1 |
Aldehydes | 1 |
Lignans, neolignans, and related compounds | 1 |
Ethers | 1 |
Steroids and steroid derivatives | 1 |
Phenylpropanoids and polyketides | 1 |
total | 705 |
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Tuersong, W.; Liu, X.; Wang, Y.; Wu, S.; Qin, P.; Zhu, S.; Liu, F.; Wang, C.; Hu, M. Comparative Metabolome Analyses of Ivermectin-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Haemonchus contortus. Animals 2023, 13, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030456
Tuersong W, Liu X, Wang Y, Wu S, Qin P, Zhu S, Liu F, Wang C, Hu M. Comparative Metabolome Analyses of Ivermectin-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Haemonchus contortus. Animals. 2023; 13(3):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030456
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuersong, Waresi, Xin Liu, Yifan Wang, Simin Wu, Peixi Qin, Shengnang Zhu, Feng Liu, Chunqun Wang, and Min Hu. 2023. "Comparative Metabolome Analyses of Ivermectin-Resistant and -Susceptible Strains of Haemonchus contortus" Animals 13, no. 3: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030456