Which Factors Influence the Consumption of Antibiotics in Q-Fever-Positive Dairy Farms in Northern Germany?
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Farms and Animals
2.2. Study Design
- Continuous variables:Annual herd milk yield (kg).
- Categorical variables
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- Vaccination against Q fever (farms with vaccination; farms without vaccination (reference));
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- Study period (Period 1 = t−1–t0, (reference); Period 2 = t0–t+1; Period 3 = t+1–t+2);
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- Floor type lactating cows (concrete floor (reference); slatted floor; grooved slatted floor, rubber floor);
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- Udder-cluster disinfection while milking (yes; no (reference); automatic milking system (AMS));
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- Fresh food after milking (yes; no (reference));
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- Vaccination of dams against neonatal diarrhea in calves (yes; no (reference)).
- Interactions
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- Vaccination against Q fever × study period;
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- Vaccination against Q fever × annual herd milk yield (kg);
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- Vaccination against Q fever × floor type;
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- Vaccination against Q fever × udder-cluster disinfection while milking;
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- Vaccination against Q fever × fresh food after milking;
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- Vaccination against Q fever × vaccination of pregnant cows against neonatal diarrhea in calves.
3. Results
3.1. Mean Therapy Frequency per Cow and Farm (MTF)
3.2. Risk Factors Influencing the Mean Therapy Frequency per Cow and Farm
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccinated Farms (n = 36) | Non-Vaccinated Farms (n = 13) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Animal Species | n | % | n | % |
Dogs | 27 | 75.0 | 10 | 76.9 |
Cats | 31 | 86.1 | 10 | 76.9 |
Sheep | 4 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
Goats | 3 | 8.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
Horses | 3 | 8.3 | 1 | 7.6 |
Harmful rodents | 36 | 100.0 | 13 | 100.0 |
Risk Factor | Level | Vaccinated Farms | n = 36 | Non-Vaccinated Farms | n = 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous | Variables | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
Period 1 (ref.) | 5.4 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 2.5 | |
Period | Period 2 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 2.9 |
Period 3 | 5.1 | 2.6 | 7.3 | 3.0 | |
Annual herd | Period 1 (ref.) | 8579 | 1278 | 8816 | 990 |
milk yield (kg) | Period 2 | 8632 | 1240 | 9018 | 799 |
Period 3 | 8655 | 1251 | 9108 | 520 | |
Categorical | Variables | n | % | n | % |
Concrete floor (ref.) | 3 | 8.3 | 3 | 23.0 | |
Floor type | Slatted floor | 18 | 50.0 | 7 | 53.8 |
lactating cows | Grooved slatted floor | 11 | 30.5 | 3 | 23.0 |
Rubber floor | 4 | 11.1 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Udder-cluster | No (ref.) | 20 | 55.5 | 9 | 69.2 |
disinfection while | Yes | 9 | 25.0 | 4 | 30.7 |
milking | AMS | 7 | 19.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
Fresh food after | No (ref.) | 18 | 50.0 | 5 | 38.5 |
milking | Yes | 18 | 50.0 | 8 | 61.5 |
Dam vaccination | No (ref.) | 21 | 58.3 | 8 | 61.5 |
against neonatal diarrhea in calves | Yes | 15 | 41.6 | 5 | 38.4 |
Risk Factor | Level | Estimate | SE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 6.253 | 6.042 | 0.3026 | |
Vaccination | No (ref.) | |||
Yes | −3.457 | 6.517 | 0.5967 | |
Period 1 (ref.) | ||||
Period | Period 2 | 5.871 × 10−1 | 5.430 × 10−1 | 0.2825 |
Period 3 | 1.446 | 5.589 × 10−1 | 0.0112 | |
Annual herd milk yield (kg) | 4.882 × 10−5 | 6.254 × 10−4 | 0.9379 | |
Concrete floor (ref.) | ||||
Floor type | Slatted floor | −2.317 | 1.531 | 0.1404 |
lactating cows | Grooved slatted floor | −3.916 | 2.310 | 0.0981 |
Rubber floor | −3.623 | 1.516 | 0.0235 | |
Udder-cluster | No (ref.) | |||
disinfection while | Yes | 3.700 | 1.325 | 0.0089 |
milking | AMS | 4.125 × 10−1 | 9.936 × 10−1 | 0.6810 |
Fresh food after | No (ref.) | |||
milking | Yes | −8.356 × 10−1 | 1.285 | 0.5205 |
Dam vaccination | No (ref.) | |||
against diarrhea | Yes | 1.732 | 1.379 | 0.2192 |
Interactions | ||||
Vaccination × P 2 | Vaccination × P 2 | −7.353 × 10−1 | 6.314 × 10−1 | 0.2473 |
Vaccination × P 3 | Vaccination × P 3 | −1.818 | 6.451 × 10−1 | 0.0059 |
Vaccination × annual | Vaccination × Annual | |||
herd milk yield (kg) | herd milk yield | 5.864 × 10−4 | 6.700 × 10−4 | 0.3831 |
Vaccination × | Slatted floor | −1.221 | 1.950 × 100 | 0.5359 |
floor type | Grooved slatted floor | −9.380 × 10−3 | 2.628 | 0.9971 |
Vaccination × | ||||
cluster disinfection | Yes | −2.233 | 1.598 | 0.1725 |
Vaccination × fresh | ||||
food after milking | Yes | −6.992 × 10−1 | 1.523 | 0.6496 |
Vaccination × | ||||
dam vaccination | Yes | 2.954 × 10−1 | 1.568 | 0.8518 |
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Huber, N.; Gundling, N.; Thurow, M.; Ligges, U.; Hoedemaker, M. Which Factors Influence the Consumption of Antibiotics in Q-Fever-Positive Dairy Farms in Northern Germany? Animals 2024, 14, 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091375
Huber N, Gundling N, Thurow M, Ligges U, Hoedemaker M. Which Factors Influence the Consumption of Antibiotics in Q-Fever-Positive Dairy Farms in Northern Germany? Animals. 2024; 14(9):1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091375
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuber, Niclas, Natascha Gundling, Maria Thurow, Uwe Ligges, and Martina Hoedemaker. 2024. "Which Factors Influence the Consumption of Antibiotics in Q-Fever-Positive Dairy Farms in Northern Germany?" Animals 14, no. 9: 1375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091375