1. Introduction
The use of renewable energy sources and waste energy is an important task in order to fulfill the newest energy demands [
1], especially for heating/cooling and refrigeration purposes, not only for stationary applications (residential and industrial buildings) but also for mobile uses.
Nowadays, mobile A/C and refrigeration are solely based on vapor compression systems, wherein the compressor is mechanically driven by the vehicle engine. Although it is subjected to a phase-out, the most used refrigerant is still HFC-134a, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 1300: if services and end-of-life are considered, it results in equivalent CO
2 emissions in the range 15–37 g/km for a vehicle traveling 12,000 km/y [
2,
3]. Such an environmental impact, neglected by manufacturers and regulations, is equivalent to 16%–39% of the limits set by European emission standards for new passenger cars in 2020.
Refrigerated freight transport is mainly achieved through vapour compression as well, often run by low-efficiency, high-emission auxiliary units (diesel or electric), and presents several criticalities, including a low COP (Coefficient of Performance) ≈ 0.5–1.75, the employment of R404a, and a GWP of 3922 [
4]. Alternative systems based on eutectic solutions (cold storage in phase change materials) or cryogenic cooling (with liquid nitrogen) are have been spreading recently. These scale down the issue of refrigerant losses, but do not avoid the energy consumption by refrigeration.
Contrarily, the heat generated by internal combustion engines (ICE) can supply thermally-driven technologies, in order to provide refrigeration for transport. Thermoelectric systems can combine the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electric power by heat and produce cooling power by electricity, but their low efficiency prevents practical use. Alternatives could be thermoacoustic refrigeration and the ejector refrigeration cycle. Despite the prospective low cost and durability, which resulted in interest from automotive manufacturers such as Mazda and Peugeot, thermoacoustic refrigeration for mobile applications is still at a basic research level, due to its low efficiency, just like the ejector refrigeration cycle.
Instead, great effort has been applied in the field of adsorption storage for refrigeration for road transport applications, which represent a mature technology: several working pairs have been studied for mobile applications (water/ammonia, silica gel/water, zeolite/water) and commercial products have been available for stationary applications since decades ago. On the other hand, they are generally affected by high specific volume and weight, entailing the need for further development to be successfully applied to transport A/C and refrigeration. This has been a specific subject of the TOPMACS European project, whose aims included the development of a sorption A/C system for heavy trucks supplied by the heat from the engine coolant loop rather than by the flue gases [
5]. This TOPMACS prototype was designed and realized by ITAE-CNR [
6].
Food and medicine transportation are two further sectors wherein cooling demand requires significant energy consumption. Most of the studies aimed at the reduction of such consumption focused on the use of high-temperature waste heat from the flue gases of the I.C. engine, needed to run a sorption appliance intended for ice-making or sub-zero refrigeration.
To that end, cold storage is a viable technology: the use of sensible heat is the most commonly used technology, even if latent heat, sorption heat, and thermochemical heat storage technology are always more often used nowadays [
7]. Thanks to the great advancements in the last few years, adsorption technology has become even more frequently used for cooling/heating production, thanks also to the different units available on the market [
8,
9]. Cooling (from the evaporator) or heating (from the adsorber) effects could be achieved as a function of working conditions. Thanks to its environmental advantages, water is the most used working fluid, even though other substances could be used, especially when a low evaporation temperature (below 0 °C) would be achieved.
However, few studies on small and compact systems for mobile applications have been carried out so far [
10].
In [
11] the authors theoretically and experimentally investigated the performance of a 1 kW lab-scale prototype based on LiCl-Water pair. Even though the system was designed for heat storage, experiments showed it was possible to generate cold during the discharging process. However, the authors only provide heating mode performance and efficiency: with an input of 2708 kJ, the recovered heat was 2517 kJ, resulting in a heat storage efficiency of 93% with a heat storage density of 874 kJ/kg consolidated sorbent or 2622 kJ per kg of pure LiCl. Jiang et al. [
12] studied an innovative modular sorption cell for cold and heat cogeneration. Results showed good performance in terms of energy density and power density: the stored energy density ranges from 580 kJ/kg to 1368 kJ/kg, whereas cold density ranges from 400 kJ/kg to 1134 kJ/kg; heat and cold power density range from 322 W/kg to 1502 W/kg and from 222 W/kg to 946 W/kg.
The present paper describes the experimental testing of two different types of cold storage for mobile refrigeration applications based on two innovative adsorbent reactors: a pelletized adsorber filled with commercial FAM Z02 zeolite, and a composite adsorber based on an aluminum, porous structure and a SAPO-34 coating.
4. Conclusions
In the present paper, the realization and testing of two different types of cold storage for mobile refrigeration applications based on two innovative adsorbent reactors was presented. The performances measured on a pelletized adsorber filled with commercial FAM Z02 zeolite, and a composite adsorber based on an aluminum, porous structure and a SAPO-34 coating were shown. Measurements were carried out thanks to an already existing testing bench specifically realized, and by applying a testing procedure previously developed and published by the authors. The main focus was on the more promising technology. Indeed, a composite adsorber based on an aluminum, porous structure and a SAPO-34 coating was tested by means of three main series of tests: a series of “mapping tests” for its characterization and two series of tests with different charging boundary conditions with respect to traditional operation, with the aim of defining the optimum operating conditions. Finally, a comparison between the two adsorbers has been reported.
The test clearly showed that prototypes are able to store up to 580 Wh, with an average power during the discharging phase that ranges from 200 to 820 W and an energy efficiency of 0.3 for the operations in the selected conditions—revealing promising opportunities for future further developments and demonstrating the feasibility of their application to the refrigeration of the load compartments of small vans or cars.