Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) and Its Component, Isoquercitrin, Inhibit HSV-1 Replication by Suppressing Virus-Induced ROS Production and NF-κB Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Cell Cultures and Viruses
2.3. Cell Viability by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) Assay
2.4. Analysis of HSV-1 GFP Expression
2.5. Plaque Reduction Assay
2.6. Protein Detection by Western Blot Analysis
2.7. mRNA Measurement by Real-Time PCR
2.8. Measurement of the Accumulation of ROS
2.9. NF-κB Nuclear Localization for Immunofluorescence Staining
2.10. NF-κB DNA-Binding Activity by Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
2.11. Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) Coupled to High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
2.12. Modeling of ICP27 Structure
2.13. Molecular Docking Simulation and Pharmacophore Analysis
2.14. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. QA Exhibits Antiviral Effects upon Infection with HSV-1 in Vero Cells
3.2. QA Reduces mRNA and Protein Levels of HSV-1 Related Genes
3.3. QA Exhibits Antiviral Effects upon Infection with HSV-1 in SK-N-SH Neuroblastoma Cells
3.4. QA Exerts an Antiviral Effect by Inhibiting ICP27, an IE Gene, during HSV-1 Infection in SK-N-SH Cells
3.5. QA Inhibits NF-κB Phosphorylation Activity by HSV-1 Infection in SK-N-SH Cells
3.6. QA Induces Inhibition of ROS Production by HSV-1 Infection in SK-N-SH Cells
3.7. QA Suppresses the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines by HSV-1 Infection
3.8. The HSV-1 Antiviral Effect by QA Treatment Indicates a Role for TBK1/IRF3 Activation
3.9. UPLC-MS/MS Analysis of QA
3.10. Isoquercitrin Isolated from QA Inhibits Viral Activity through ICP27 Inhibition during HSV-1 Infection
3.11. Construction of the ICP27 Structure and Molecular Docking Simulation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | tR (min) | Molecular Formula | Precursor Ion (m/z) | Error (ppm) | MS/MS Fragments (m/z) | Identifications | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adduct | Expected | Measured | ||||||
1 | 5.07 | C15H14O6 | [M-H]− | 289.0718 | 289.0715 | −0.89 | 289, 245, 205, 125 | Catechin [18] a |
2 | 5.21 | C16H18O9 | [M+COOH-H]− | 399.0933 | 399.0930 | −0.81 | 191 | Chlorogenic Acid [32] a |
3 | 5.34 | C16H18O10 | [M-H]− | 369.0827 | 369.0822 | −1.45 | 369, 207, 192 | Fraxin [31] a |
4 | 6.67 | C21H20O12 | [M-H]− | 463.0882 | 463.0878 | −0.80 | 463, 300, 301, 151 | Isoquercitrin [33] a |
5 | 6.99 | C15H12O7 | [M-H]− | 303.0510 | 303.0508 | −0.92 | 285, 177, 125 | Taxifolin [18] a |
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Kim, B.; Kim, Y.S.; Hwang, Y.-H.; Yang, H.J.; Li, W.; Kwon, E.-B.; Kim, T.I.; Go, Y.; Choi, J.-G. Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) and Its Component, Isoquercitrin, Inhibit HSV-1 Replication by Suppressing Virus-Induced ROS Production and NF-κB Activation. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101638
Kim B, Kim YS, Hwang Y-H, Yang HJ, Li W, Kwon E-B, Kim TI, Go Y, Choi J-G. Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) and Its Component, Isoquercitrin, Inhibit HSV-1 Replication by Suppressing Virus-Induced ROS Production and NF-κB Activation. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101638
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Buyun, Young Soo Kim, Youn-Hwan Hwang, Hye Jin Yang, Wei Li, Eun-Bin Kwon, Tae In Kim, Younghoon Go, and Jang-Gi Choi. 2021. "Quercus acuta Thunb. (Fagaceae) and Its Component, Isoquercitrin, Inhibit HSV-1 Replication by Suppressing Virus-Induced ROS Production and NF-κB Activation" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101638