Anti-Obesity Effects of Ecklonia cava Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. E. cava and Animals
2.2. Extraction and Characterization of E. cava
2.3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GCMS) of E. cava
2.4. Cell Culture (In Vitro Study)
2.5. Oil Red O Staining
2.6. Cell Viability Determination via MTT Assay
2.7. Antioxidant Activity of E. cava (DPPH and ABTS Assay)
2.8. Experiment Design for In Vivo Study and Animal Housing
2.9. Animal Feed and Administration
2.10. Animal Feeding and FCR
2.11. Blood Glucose Level Determination
2.12. Necropsy and Sample Collection
2.13. Evaluation of Plasma Level of Various Obesity-Related Biomarkers
2.14. Liver and Adipose Histopathology
2.15. Extraction of Total RNA and PCR Analysis
2.16. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Area under ROC Curve (AUROC)
2.17. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Extraction and Characterization of E. cava
3.2. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis (GCMS) of E. cava
3.3. Suppressive and Cytotoxic Effects of E. cava Extract on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocytes
3.4. Antioxidant Activity of E. cava (DPPH and ABTS Assay)
3.5. Observation of General Body Weight and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)
3.6. Effects of E. cava Treatment on Organ Weight
3.7. Effects E. cava Treatment on Visceral Fat
3.8. Effect of E. cava on Adipokines, Incretins, Total GIP, and Insulin
3.9. Effects of E. cava on Blood Glucose Level
3.10. Effect of E. cava on Plasma Level of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
3.11. Effects of E. cava on Lipid Profile and Liver Function Biomarkers
3.12. Effects of E. cava on Hepatocytes and Adipocytes
3.13. Effects of E. cava Extract on Adipogenic and Lipogenic Gene Expression
3.14. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and Area under the ROC Curve
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EC/E.cava | Ecklonia cava |
ECE | Ecklonia cava extract |
NC | normal control |
PC | positive control |
HFD | high-fat diet |
T1 | low dose of ECE treatment group |
T2 | intermediate dose of ECE treatment group |
T3 | high dose of ECE treatment group |
HCA | hydroxy citric acid |
BW/b.w | bodyweight |
FCR | feed conversion rate |
GIP | gastric inhibitory peptides |
GGT | gamma-glutamyl transferase |
LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
HDL | high-density lipoprotein |
TG | triglycerides |
FFA | free fatty acid |
AI | atherogenic index |
RNA | ribonucleic Acid |
PCR | polymerase chain reaction |
CDNA | complementary DNA |
DMEM | Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium |
PPAR-γ | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma |
LPL | lipo-protein lipase |
SRBP-1c | sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 |
FBS | fetus bovine serum |
DEX | dexamethasone |
IBMX | 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine |
ROC | receiver operating characteristics |
AUROC | area under receiver operating characteristics curve |
ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
ALT | alanine transaminase |
AST | aspartate transaminase |
GGT | gamma-glutamyl-transferase |
WHO | World Health Organization |
COVID | coronavirus disease |
NAFLD | nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
SD | Sprague–Dawley |
DCM | dichloromethane |
IU | international unit |
PBS | Phospahte buffer saline |
MTT | 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide |
DMSO | dimethyl sulfoxide |
OD | optical density |
DPPH | 2,2-diphenyl-1picryl-hydrzyl |
ABTS | 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazolin)-6-sulfonic acid |
RPM | round per minute |
TA | tannic acid |
FF | fenofibrate |
SEM | standard error mean |
ELISA | enzyme-linked immunoassay |
TNF-a | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
IL-6 | interleukin-6 |
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Groups | Daily Intake | |
---|---|---|
NC | Normal control | Normal feed |
HFD | High-fat diet | Feed with 45% high-fat content (HFD) |
PC | Positive control | 250 mg/kg b.w HCA * + HFD |
T1 | Dose 1 | 125 mg/kg b.w of ECE ** + HFD |
T2 | Dose 2 | 250 mg/kg b.w of ECE + HFD |
T3 | Dose 3 | 500 mg/kg b.w of ECE + HFD |
Parameters | Weight Gain (gm/rat) | FCR | Glucose (mg/dL) |
---|---|---|---|
NC | 388.12 ± 30.3 | 26.01 | 102.3 ± 0.54 *** |
HFD | 509.13 ± 51.7 | 17.60 | 139.6 ± 1.85 +++ |
HCA (250 mg/kg) | 431.88 ± 14.6 | 18.88 | 103.9 ± 0.95 *** |
EC (125 mg/kg) | 448 ± 43.7 | 17.33 | 105.4 ± 0.75 *** |
EC (250 mg/kg) | 436.5 ± 23.6 | 18.01 | 104.4 ± 0.43 *** |
EC (500 mg/kg) | 424 ± 14.72 | 20.08 | 102 ± 0.61 *** |
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Abbas, M.A.; Boby, N.; Lee, E.-B.; Hong, J.-H.; Park, S.-C. Anti-Obesity Effects of Ecklonia cava Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020310
Abbas MA, Boby N, Lee E-B, Hong J-H, Park S-C. Anti-Obesity Effects of Ecklonia cava Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(2):310. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020310
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbas, Muhammad Aleem, Naila Boby, Eon-Bee Lee, Joo-Heon Hong, and Seung-Chun Park. 2022. "Anti-Obesity Effects of Ecklonia cava Extract in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats" Antioxidants 11, no. 2: 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020310