Ascophyllum nodosum Extract and Glycine Betaine Preharvest Application in Grapevine: Enhancement of Berry Quality, Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Properties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Sampling
2.2. Quality Assessment of Fruits
2.3. Determination of Bioactive Compounds
2.3.1. Total Phenolics
2.3.2. Flavonoids
2.3.3. Ortho-Diphenols
2.3.4. Total Anthocyanins
2.4. Antioxidant Activity Assays
2.4.1. ABTS•+ Radical-Scavenging Activity
2.4.2. DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity
2.4.3. FRAP Assay
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Biostimulants on Berries Quality
3.2. Effects of Biostimulants on Berries Bioactive Compounds
3.3. Influence of Biostimulants on Antioxidant Potential
4. Discussion
4.1. Application of Biostimulants Positively Affected Berry Quality
4.2. Application of Biostimulants Positively Affected Berry Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Appendix A
Parameter | P (T) | P (Y) | P (PS) | P (T*Y) | P (T*PS) | P (Y*PS) | P (T*Y*PS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
Height | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
Width | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 |
Thickness | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
Chroma | >0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.01 |
Maturity index | >0.05 | <0.01 | <0.001 | >0.05 | >0.05 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
Titratable acidity | >0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 |
Total Phenolics | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | >0.05 | <0.001 | <0.05 |
Flavonoids | <0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 | >0.05 |
Ortho-diphenols | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | >0.05 | >0.05 | <0.001 | <0.01 |
Total Anthocyanins | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | >0.05 | >0.05 | <0.01 | >0.05 |
DPPH | <0.001 | >0.05 | <0.001 | >0.05 | <0.05 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
FRAP | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | >0.05 | <0.001 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
ABTS•+ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.01 | >0.05 | >0.05 | <0.001 | >0.05 |
Appendix B
Total Phenolics | Flavonoids | Ortho-Diphenols | Total Anthocyanins | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Veraison 2020 | DPPH | R2 | 0.630 ** | 0.334 * | 0.221 | 0.113 |
P | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.145 | 0.461 | ||
FRAP | R2 | 0.646 ** | 0.374 * | 0.650 ** | −0.111 | |
P | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.467 | ||
ABTS•+ | R2 | 0.198 | 0.166 | −0.083 | 0.395 ** | |
P | 0.192 | 0.276 | 0.588 | 0.007 | ||
Veraison 2021 | DPPH | R2 | 0.575 ** | −0.079 | 0.215 | 0.094 |
P | 0.000 | 0.608 | 0.156 | 0.538 | ||
FRAP | R2 | 0.749 ** | −0.004 | 0.475 ** | 0.152 | |
P | 0.000 | 0.977 | 0.001 | 0.318 | ||
ABTS•+ | R2 | 0.045 | −0.030 | −0.218 | 0.076 | |
P | 0.771 | 0.843 | 0.150 | 0.619 | ||
Harvest 2020 | DPPH | R2 | 0.063 | 0.109 | 0.414 ** | 0.412 ** |
P | 0.679 | 0.476 | 0.005 | 0.005 | ||
FRAP | R2 | 0.134 | 0.047 | 0.488 ** | 0.467 ** | |
P | 0.381 | 0.757 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
DPPH | R2 | 0.070 | −0.021 | 0.020 | −0.001 | |
P | 0.647 | 0.890 | 0.897 | 0.997 | ||
Harvest 2021 | FRAP | R2 | 0.525 ** | 0.023 | 0.332 * | −0.038 |
P | 0.000 | 0.880 | 0.026 | 0.806 | ||
ABTS•+ | R2 | 0.785 ** | 0.017 | 0.677 ** | −0.132 | |
P | 0.000 | 0.912 | 0.000 | 0.387 | ||
FRAP | R2 | 0.321 * | 0.085 | 0.151 | 0.162 | |
P | 0.032 | 0.578 | 0.322 | 0.288 |
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Biometric Parameters | Growth Stage/Year | C | ANE 0.05% | ANE 0.1% | GB 0.1% | GB 0.2% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (g) | Veraison 2020 | 1.92 ± 0.05 b1 | 1.90 ± 0.05 b1 | 1.86 ± 0.05 ab1 | 1.71 ± 0.04 a1 | 2.02 ± 0.04 b1 |
Veraison 2021 | 2.11 ± 0.04 | 1.99 ± 0.05 | 2.10 ± 0.04 | 2.13 ± 0.04 | 2.14 ± 0.04 | |
Harvest 2020 | 2.09 ± 0.04 A1 | 2.09 ± 0.04 A1 | 2.04 ± 0.05 A1 | 2.09 ± 0.05 A1 | 2.28 ± 0.05 B1 | |
Harvest 2021 | 2.14 ± 0.04 BC2 | 1.83 ± 0.06 A2 | 2.08 ± 0.05 B2 | 2.27 ± 0.04 C2 | 2.23 ± 0.04 BC2 | |
Height (mm) | Veraison 2020 | 14.15 ± 0.14 a1 | 14.21 ± 0.13 a1 | 14.63 ± 0.17 ab1 | 14.18 ± 0.12 a1 | 15.07 ± 0.11 b1 |
Veraison 2021 | 15.41 ± 0.10 c2 | 14.78 ± 0.13 a2 | 15.36 ± 0.15 bc2 | 14.94 ± 0.08 ab2 | 15.70 ± 0.14 c2 | |
Harvest 2020 | 14.83 ± 0.13 A1 | 14.71 ± 0.13 A1 | 15.00 ± 0.16 AB1 | 15.03 ± 0.15 AB1 | 15.39 ± 0.12 B1 | |
Harvest 2021 | 16.51 ± 0.13 B2 | 15.47 ± 0.20 A2 | 16.44 ± 0.17 B2 | 16.62 ± 0.14 B2 | 16.91 ± 0.12 B2 | |
Width (mm) | Veraison 2020 | 13.91 ± 0.12 a1 | 14.06 ± 0.12 ab1 | 14.11 ± 0.13 ab1 | 13.72 ± 0.12 a1 | 14.43 ± 0.10 b1 |
Veraison 2021 | 14.73 ± 0.10 | 14.58 ± 0.12 | 14.88 ± 0.11 | 14.90 ± 0.10 | 14.83 ± 0.11 | |
Harvest 2020 | 14.20 ± 0.11 AB1 | 14.12 ± 0.11 AB1 | 13.81 ± 0.14 A1 | 13.86 ± 0.12 A1 | 14.33 ± 0.12 B1 | |
Harvest 2021 | 14.13 ± 0.12 B2 | 13.29 ± 0.18 A2 | 13.87 ± 0.13 B2 | 14.73 ± 0.12 C2 | 14.36 ± 0.11 BC2 | |
Thickness (mm) | Veraison 2020 | 13.45 ± 0.12 a1 | 13.58 ± 0.12 ab1 | 13.61 ± 0.13 ab1 | 13.25 ± 0.12 a1 | 13.99 ± 0.10 b1 |
Veraison 2021 | 14.20 ± 0.09 | 14.22 ± 0.12 | 14.47 ± 0.11 | 14.43 ± 0.10 | 14.32 ± 0.12 | |
Harvest 2020 | 13.71 ± 0.10 AB1 | 13.59 ± 0.10 AB1 | 13.28 ± 0.14 A1 | 13.45 ± 0.13 AB1 | 13.84 ± 0.13 B1 | |
Harvest 2021 | 13.49 ± 0.14 BC2 | 12.82 ± 0.17 A2 | 13.26 ± 0.14 AB2 | 13.92 ± 0.11 C2 | 13.60 ± 0.12 BC2 |
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Monteiro, E.; Baltazar, M.; Pereira, S.; Correia, S.; Ferreira, H.; Alves, F.; Cortez, I.; Castro, I.; Gonçalves, B. Ascophyllum nodosum Extract and Glycine Betaine Preharvest Application in Grapevine: Enhancement of Berry Quality, Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101835
Monteiro E, Baltazar M, Pereira S, Correia S, Ferreira H, Alves F, Cortez I, Castro I, Gonçalves B. Ascophyllum nodosum Extract and Glycine Betaine Preharvest Application in Grapevine: Enhancement of Berry Quality, Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(10):1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101835
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonteiro, Eliana, Miguel Baltazar, Sandra Pereira, Sofia Correia, Helena Ferreira, Fernando Alves, Isabel Cortez, Isaura Castro, and Berta Gonçalves. 2023. "Ascophyllum nodosum Extract and Glycine Betaine Preharvest Application in Grapevine: Enhancement of Berry Quality, Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Properties" Antioxidants 12, no. 10: 1835. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12101835