Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Blackberry and Raspberry Leaves: Phytochemical Analysis, Scavenging Activity, and In Vitro Polyphenol Bioaccessibility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Analytical Standards
2.3. Proximate Analysis
2.4. Minerals Analysis
2.5. Fatty Acids Determination
2.6. Liposoluble Antioxidants
2.7. Watersoluble Antioxidants
2.8. Antioxidant Activity Analysis
2.9. Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay
2.10. Static In Vitro Digestion of the Blackberry and Raspberry Leaves
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Proximate Composition and Mineral Content
3.2. Fatty Acids Composition
3.3. Antioxidants Composition
3.4. Antioxidant Activity Analysis
3.5. In Vitro Digestibility
4. Discussion
4.1. Proximate Composition and Mineral Content
4.2. Composition of Fatty Acids
4.3. Antioxidants Composition
4.4. Antioxidant Activity Analysis
4.5. Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay
4.6. In Vitro Digestibility
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Blackberry Leaves | Raspberry Leaves | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (g/100 g dw) | 91.66 a | 92.30 a | 0.521 | 0.598 |
Crude protein (g/100 g dw) | 18.37 a | 19.54 a | 0.426 | 0.198 |
Crude fat (g/100 g dw) | 1.897 a | 2.057 a | 0.057 | 0.182 |
Crude fiber (g/100 g dw) | 20.48 b | 18.18 a | 0.600 | 0.028 |
Ash (g/100 g dw) | 6.203 b | 5.137 a | 0.265 | 0.015 |
Minerals | ||||
Copper (mg/kg dw) | 6.506 b | 4.089 a | 0.547 | 0.0001 |
Iron (mg/kg dry dw) | 115.6 a | 172.5 b | 12.82 | <0.0001 |
Manganese (mg/kg dry dw) | 80.63 b | 75.23 a | 1.289 | 0.006 |
Zinc (mg/kg dry dw) | 23.81 a | 46.14 b | 5.002 | <0.0001 |
Calcium (g/100 g dw) | 1.013 b | 0.660 a | 0.080 | 0.0002 |
Phosphorus (g/100 g dw) | 0.290 a | 0.280 a | 0.010 | 0.656 |
Fatty Acids | C:D | Blackberry Leaves | Raspberry Leaves | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capric acid | C10:0 | 0.581 a | 0.422 b | 0.036 | 0.0002 |
Lauric acid | C12:0 | 1.517 a | 1.382 b | 0.030 | 0.0001 |
Myristic acid | C14:0 | 1.257 a | 0.910 b | 0.078 | <0.0001 |
Pentadecanoic acid | C15:0 | 0.297 b | 0.341 a | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Pentadecenoic acid | C15:1 | 0.914 a | 0.262 b | 0.146 | <0.0001 |
Palmitic acid | C16:0 | 15.73 b | 21.52 a | 1.295 | <0.0001 |
Palmitoleic acid | C16:1 | 3.089 a | 2.957 b | 0.033 | 0.019 |
Stearic acid | C18:0 | 5.176 b | 7.472 a | 0.514 | <0.0001 |
Oleic acid | C18:1 | 6.311 b | 12.511 a | 1.387 | <0.0001 |
Linoleic acid | C18:2n6 | 13.39 a | 12.15 b | 0.277 | <0.0001 |
α Linolenic acid | C18:3n3 | 48.40 a | 29.52 b | 4.221 | <0.0001 |
Octadecatetraenoic acid | C18:4n3 | 2.405 b | 3.746 a | 0.302 | <0.0001 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid | C20:5n3 | nd | 1.216 | 0.273 | - |
Lignoceric acid | C24:0 | nd | 1.303 | 0.292 | - |
Nervonic acid | C24:1n9 | nd | 4.154 | 0.929 | - |
Σ SFA | 24.56 b | 33.35 a | 1.966 | <0.0001 | |
Σ MUFA | 10.31 b | 19.88 a | 2.140 | <0.0001 | |
Σ PUFA | 64.20 a | 46.64 b | 3.926 | <0.0001 | |
Σ n-3 | 74.51 a | 66.53 b | 3.649 | <0.0001 | |
Σ n-6 | 50.80 a | 34.48 b | 0.277 | <0.0001 | |
n-6/n-3 | 13.39 a | 12.15 b | 0.020 | <0.0001 | |
PUFA/SFA | 0.264 b | 0.353 a | 0.272 | <0.0001 |
Item | Blackberry Leaves | Raspberry Leaves | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liposoluble antioxidants | ||||
Lutein, mg/kg | 547.1 a | 260.8 b | 64.10 | <0.0001 |
Zeaxanthin, mg/kg | 3041 a | 1040 b | 450.1 | <0.0001 |
Astaxanthin, mg/kg | 38.52 a | 7.441 b | 6.997 | <0.0001 |
Canthaxanthin, mg/kg | 3.038 a | 1.120 b | 0.437 | 0.001 |
α-tocopherol, mg/kg | 143.3 a | 32.85 b | 24.74 | <0.0001 |
γ-tocopherol, mg/kg | 29.30 b | 85.66 a | 12.63 | <0.0001 |
δ-tocopherol, mg/kg | 7.303 b | 31.27 a | 5.398 | <0.0001 |
Total vitamin E, mg/kg | 179.9 a | 149.7 b | 7.239 | 0.007 |
Water-soluble antioxidants | ||||
TPC, mg/g GAE | 14.57 a | 26.19 b | 2.324 | 0.003 |
Total flavonoids, mg/g | 5.961 a | 10.60 b | 1.050 | 0.0002 |
Item | Blackberry Leaves | Raspberry Leaves | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Iron chelating ability, equiv. mg EDTA/g | 7.913 a | 10.56 b | 0.622 | 0.004 |
DPPH, mmol eq trolox/Kg | 349.4 a | 694.9 b | 63.32 | 0.002 |
ABTS, mmol eq trolox/Kg | 196.9 a | 198.5 a | 4.706 | 0.890 |
Antioxidant capacity, mmol eq ascorbic acid/Kg | 118.1 a | 157.3 b | 9.217 | 0.003 |
Specification | Blackberry Leaves | Raspberry Leaves | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | OP | BI (%) | GP | BI (%) | IP | BI (%) | BD | OP | BI (%) | GP | BI (%) | IP | BI (%) | |
Phenolic acids | ||||||||||||||
Hydroxybenzoic acids | ||||||||||||||
Gallic acid | 0.104 | 0.028 | 26.68 | 0.023 | 22.50 | 0.144 | 137.76 | 0.409 | 0.024 | 5.89 | 0.090 | 22.07 | 0.398 | 97.24 |
Vanillic acid | 1.711 | 0.420 | 24.54 | 0.690 | 40.32 | 0.913 | 53.38 | 8.111 | 0.811 | 10.00 | 1.780 | 21.94 | 3.518 | 43.37 |
Syringic acid | 0.148 | 0.031 | 21.03 | 0.042 | 28.74 | 0.084 | 56.65 | 0.346 | 0.017 | 4.86 | 0.061 | 17.58 | 0.127 | 36.85 |
3-hydroxybenzoic acid | 0.452 | 0.114 | 25.27 | 0.197 | 43.60 | 0.242 | 53.59 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Ellagic acid | 0.293 | 0.032 | 11.01 | 0.031 | 10.51 | 0.229 | 78.43 | 1.831 | 0.118 | 6.46 | 0.183 | 9.98 | 0.649 | 35.46 |
Protocatechuic acid | 0.006 | 0.001 | 20.81 | 0.001 | 16.88 | 0.005 | 83.96 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 9.20 | 0.004 | 26.17 | 0.010 | 59.14 |
Hydroxycinnamic acids | ||||||||||||||
Chlorogenic acid | 0.203 | 0.031 | 15.53 | 0.066 | 32.65 | 0.058 | 28.81 | 0.905 | 0.072 | 7.90 | 0.208 | 22.99 | 0.554 | 61.17 |
Caffeic acid | 0.020 | 0.004 | 22.32 | 0.009 | 45.08 | 0.015 | 75.39 | 0.071 | 0.013 | 18.69 | 0.030 | 42.13 | 0.062 | 88.09 |
Methoxycinnamic acid | 0.077 | 0.007 | 8.77 | 0.011 | 14.65 | 0.035 | 45.10 | 0.102 | 0.011 | 10.82 | 0.026 | 25.84 | 0.066 | 64.77 |
Ferulic acid | 3.673 | 0.208 | 5.67 | 0.185 | 5.04 | 2.853 | 77.67 | 9.924 | 0.856 | 8.63 | 1.039 | 10.47 | 6.035 | 60.81 |
Coumaric acid | 0.033 | 0.011 | 33.77 | 0.016 | 46.90 | 0.024 | 72.18 | 0.135 | 0.020 | 14.78 | 0.044 | 32.45 | 0.101 | 74.93 |
Cinnamic acid | 0.009 | 0.002 | 26.79 | 0.002 | 19.04 | 0.007 | 75.76 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 10.08 | 0.001 | 14.33 | 0.006 | 77.11 |
Flavonoids | ||||||||||||||
Flavanols | ||||||||||||||
Epigallocatechin | 0.495 | 0.151 | 30.62 | 0.185 | 37.35 | 0.265 | 53.51 | 1.981 | 0.168 | 8.48 | 0.416 | 21.01 | 0.678 | 34.21 |
Catechin | 0.074 | 0.026 | 35.42 | 0.046 | 62.73 | 0.041 | 55.71 | 0.551 | 0.081 | 14.78 | 0.132 | 23.97 | 0.341 | 61.91 |
Epicatechin | 0.212 | 0.043 | 20.19 | 0.047 | 22.01 | 0.161 | 75.91 | 0.997 | 0.110 | 10.99 | 0.234 | 23.45 | 0.553 | 55.52 |
Flavonols | ||||||||||||||
Rutin | 0.027 | 0.009 | 32.00 | 0.013 | 47.01 | 0.023 | 83.26 | 0.286 | 0.017 | 5.85 | 0.060 | 21.12 | 0.141 | 49.43 |
Quercetin | 0.012 | 0.003 | 21.43 | 0.004 | 37.83 | 0.006 | 47.93 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 13.79 | 0.002 | 32.24 | 0.003 | 49.04 |
Stilbene | ||||||||||||||
Resveratrol | 0.027 | 0.012 | 45.07 | 0.013 | 48.31 | 0.021 | 78.52 | 0.016 | 0.001 | 6.40 | 0.006 | 39.66 | 0.007 | 43.98 |
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Varzaru, I.; Oancea, A.G.; Vlaicu, P.A.; Saracila, M.; Untea, A.E. Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Blackberry and Raspberry Leaves: Phytochemical Analysis, Scavenging Activity, and In Vitro Polyphenol Bioaccessibility. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122125
Varzaru I, Oancea AG, Vlaicu PA, Saracila M, Untea AE. Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Blackberry and Raspberry Leaves: Phytochemical Analysis, Scavenging Activity, and In Vitro Polyphenol Bioaccessibility. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(12):2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122125
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarzaru, Iulia, Alexandra Gabriela Oancea, Petru Alexandru Vlaicu, Mihaela Saracila, and Arabela Elena Untea. 2023. "Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Blackberry and Raspberry Leaves: Phytochemical Analysis, Scavenging Activity, and In Vitro Polyphenol Bioaccessibility" Antioxidants 12, no. 12: 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12122125