Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Immune Response to Influenza Virus Infection
2.1. Innate Immunity
2.1.1. Extracellular Barriers to Overcome
2.1.2. Sensing of Influenza Virus Infection
2.1.3. Alveolar Macrophages
2.1.4. Dendritic Cells
2.1.5. Natural Killer Cells
2.2. Adaptive Immunity
2.2.1. Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells
2.2.2. Antigen Presentation
2.2.3. Lymphocyte Migration to the Infected Lung
2.2.4. Viral Clearance
3. T Cell Response to Influenza Virus Infection
3.1. Primary T Cell Response: Deflowering the T Cells
3.1.1. CD4+ T Cell Primary Responses
3.1.2. CD8+ T Cell Primary Responses
3.2. Memory T Cell Response: The T Cells Remember
3.2.1. CD4+ Memory T Cells
3.2.2. CD8+ Memory T Cells
4. Vaccines
4.1. Current Influenza Vaccines
4.2. T Cells in Heterologous Protection against Influenza Viruses
4.3. Vaccination-Induced T Cell Immunity: To Serve and Protect
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADCC | Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
AM | Alveolar macrophage |
APC | Antigen-presenting cell |
CCL | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand |
CCR | C-C chemokine receptor |
CD | Cluster of differentiation |
CD62L | L-selectin |
Cdc | Classical dendritic cell |
CTL | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte |
CXCL | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand |
DC | Dendritic cell |
DLN | Draining lymph node |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
FasL | Fas ligand |
GTP | Guanosine triphosphate |
HA | Hemagglutinin |
HI | Hemagglutination-inhibiting |
IAV | Influenza A virus |
ICAM-1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 |
IFITM3 | Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 |
IFN | Interferon |
Ig | Immunoglobulin |
IL | Interleukin |
ISG | Interferon-stimulated gene |
iTreg | Induced regulatory T cell |
LAIV | Live-attenuated influenza vaccine |
LFA-1 | Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 |
M | Matrix protein |
MCP | Monocyte chemoattractant protein |
MHC | Major histocompatibility complex |
MIP | Macrophage inflammatory protein |
mRNA | Messenger ribonucleic acid |
MVA | Modified Vaccinia Ankara |
Mx | Myxovirus resistant |
NA | Neuraminidase |
NK | Natural killer |
NLRP3 | NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 protein |
NOS2 | Nitric oxide synthase 2 |
NP | Nucleoprotein |
nTreg | Natural regulatory T cell |
PB | polybasic |
PBMC | Peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
PRR | Pattern recognition receptor |
QIV | Quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine |
RIG-I | Retinoic acid-inducible gene I |
RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
SP | Surfactant protein |
Tcm | Central memory T cell |
TCR | T cell receptor |
Tem | Effector memory T cell |
Tfh | Follicular helper T cell |
Th | T helper cell |
TIV | Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine |
TNF | Tumor necrosis factor |
TRAIL | TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |
Treg | regulatory T cell |
Trm | Resident memory T cell |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Spitaels, J.; Roose, K.; Saelens, X. Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines 2016, 4, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040033
Spitaels J, Roose K, Saelens X. Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines. 2016; 4(4):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpitaels, Jan, Kenny Roose, and Xavier Saelens. 2016. "Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force" Vaccines 4, no. 4: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040033
APA StyleSpitaels, J., Roose, K., & Saelens, X. (2016). Influenza and Memory T Cells: How to Awake the Force. Vaccines, 4(4), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040033