Soil Bioplastic Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Background of Mulching
2.1. History and Economic Importance
2.2. Classification of Mulching and Main Issues
3. Plastic Mulch Materials
3.1. Polymers and Plastics
3.1.1. Conventional Petroleum-Based Plastics (CPs)
3.1.2. Bioplastics (BPs)
4. Biodegradable Plastic Mulches’ (BdPMs) Degradation in Soil
4.1. Abiotic Degradation
4.2. Biodegradation by Bacteria and Fungi
4.3. Biodegradation Methods
5. Effect of BdPMs on Soil Microorganisms and Their Activity
6. Effect of BdPMs on Weed Control
References | Product Name | Thickness (μm) | Key Product Ingredient(s) | Effect on Weeds | Main Crop |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang et al. [139] * | black polyethylene | 15.0 | PE | 97.2% WC | Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Karsten ex Farw. |
black Mater-Bi® | 15.0 | Starch based, organic polyesters | 91.5% WC | ||
black Biofilm® | 17.0 | Organic polyesters + natural plasticizer | 86.0% WC | ||
black Enviroplast® | 15.0 | Oxo-degradable plastic mulch | 94.3% WC | ||
Zhang et al. [145] * | black polyethylene | 25.4 | PE | 0.1 weed m−2 | Cucurbita pepo L. |
clear polyethylene | 25.4 | PE | 10.1 weed m−2 | ||
clear Organix | 17.8 | PLA + PBAT | 34.5 weed m−2 | ||
black Organix | 15.2 | PLA + PBAT | 2.3 weed m−2 | ||
black film organic | 15.2 | − | 0.3 weed m−2 | ||
black AMX-01 | 254.0 | not provided by manufacturer | 0.4 weed m−2 | ||
brown WeedGuardPlus | 240.0 | Cellulose | 1.0 weed m−2 | ||
Marín-Guirao et al. [137] * | black polyethylene | 37.5 | PE | ~20% WP | L. esculentum |
Sotrafilm NG Bio | 18.0 | PLA + PBAT | ~18% WP | ||
Ngouajio et al. [144] * | low-density polyethylene | 25.0 | PE | 100.0% WC | L. esculentum |
black Ecoflex® | 25.0 | PBAT | 97.2% WC | ||
white Ecoflex® | 25.0 | PBAT | 28.74% WC | ||
black Ecoflex® | 35.0 | PBAT | 98.5% WC | ||
white Ecoflex® | 35.0 | PBAT | 33.7% WC | ||
Marí et al. [143] * | low-density polyethylene | 15.0 | PE | ~66% NC | Capsicum annuum L. |
black Sphere® 4 | 15.0 | Potato starch | ~56% NC | ||
black Mater-Bi® | 15.0 | Corn starch, co-polyester, vegetable oils | ~63% NC | ||
black Sphere® 6 | 15.0 | Potato starch | ~62% NC | ||
black Bioflex® | 15.0 | PLA, co-polyester | ~55% NC | ||
black Ecovio® | 15.0 | PLA | ~56% NC | ||
light brown Arrosi® 240 | 80.0 | Cellulosic fiber | ~91% NC | ||
light brown Arrosi® 69 | 80.0 | Cellulosic fiber | ~96% NC | ||
black Mimgreen® | 85.0 | Cellulosic fiber | ~99% NC |
7. Effect of Biodegradable Mulches on Soil Properties
8. Conclusive Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Property/Purpose | Material | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDPE | HDPE | PP | EVA | PVC | PC | PMMA | |
Chemical formula | (C2H4)n | (C3H6)n | (C2H4)n(C4H6O2)m | (CH2CHCI)n | (C16H14O3)n | (C5H8O2)n | |
Monomer molar mass (g mol−1) | 28.05 | 42.08 | 114.14 | 62.50 | 254.28 | 100.12 | |
Density ρ (kg m−3) (ISO 1183) | 910 ≤ ρ ≤ 925 | 940 ≤ ρ ≤ 965 | 850 ≤ ρ ≤ 900 | 926 ≤ ρ ≤ 950 | 1370 ≤ ρ ≤ 1430 | 1200 ≤ ρ ≤ 1220 | 1170 ≤ ρ ≤ 1200 |
Fertilizer bags | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Greenhouse coverings | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Irrigation and drainage | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Low tunnel films | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Mulching films | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Nets for collecting | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Nonwoven/floating covers | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Other (rigid sheets, pots, twine, etc.) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Silage films and protective covering | ✓ | ||||||
Vineyard and orchard coverings | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Woven nets (hail, wind, bird, shade) | ✓ |
Classes | PBAT and Starch | PET and Starch | PBAT and PLA | PLA and PHA | Paper | PE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | |
% | ||||||||||||
Acidobacteria Gp4 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
Acidobacteria Gp6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | ||||||
Acidobacteria Gp7 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 4 |
Acidobacteria Gp16 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Actinobacteria | 14 | 9 | 15 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 14 | 9 | 16 | 10 | 15 | 9 |
Alphaproteobacteria | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 10 |
Bacilli | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Unclassified bacteria | 29 | 29 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 31 | 29 |
Betaproteobacteria | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 5 |
Gammaproteobacteria | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||||
Planctomycetacia | 8 | 5 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 5 |
Spartobacteria | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
Number of classes | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 11 |
Classes | PBAT and Starch | PET and Starch | PBAT and PLA | PLA and PHA | Paper | PE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | |
% | ||||||||||||
Acidobacteria Gp16 | 8 | |||||||||||
Actinobacteria | 22 | 24 | 27 | 28 | 28 | 30 | 29 | 31 | 14 | 29 | 20 | 25 |
Alphaproteobacteria | 42 | 17 | 41 | 26 | 41 | 19 | 42 | 21 | 25 | 28 | 14 | 14 |
Armatimonadia | 1 | |||||||||||
Bacilli | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 35 | 5 | ||
Unclassified bacteria | 3 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 29 | 5 | 8 | 8 |
Betaproteobacteria | 18 | 19 | 16 | 9 | 14 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 13 | |
Deinococci | 2 | 15 | 7 | 11 | 2 | 10 | 5 | 15 | 8 | 4 | 4 | |
Flavobacteria | 1 | |||||||||||
Gammaproteobacteria | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 9 | ||||||
Planctomycetacia | 3 | |||||||||||
Sphingobacteria | 16 | 10 | 10 | 7 | 2 | 16 | 15 | |||||
Thermomicrobia | 2 | 4 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
Number of classes | 8 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
Division | Class | Order | Family | Genus | Starch-Based | Paper | No Mulch | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | |||||
% | ||||||||||
Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | Pleosporales | Didymellaceae | Leptosphaerulina | 5 | |||||
Leptosphaeriaceae | Leptosphaeria | 13 | ||||||||
Other | 7 | 1 | 7 | |||||||
Eurotiomycetes | Onygenales | Onygenaceae | Chrysosporium | 5 | 1 | |||||
Leotiomycetes | Chaetomellales | Chaetomellaceae | Chaetomella | 1 | ||||||
Helotiales spp | 20 | |||||||||
Sordariomycetes | Glomerellales | Plectosphaerellaceae | Plectosphaerella | 2 | ||||||
Hypocreales | Nectriaceae | Fusarium | 37 | 3 | 27 | 2 | 20 | 3 | ||
Volutella | 12 | 1 | 3 | |||||||
Other | 12 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 17 | 14 | ||||
Sordariales | Chaetomiaceae | Humicola | 20 | 13 | 26 | |||||
Lasiosphaeriaceae | Unidentified | 7 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
Other | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||
Other | 3 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 1 | ||||
Unidentified | 18 | 56 | ||||||||
Basidiomycota | Tremellomycetes | Tremellales | Cryptococcaceae | Cryptococcus | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Other fungi | 1 | 14 | 1 | 11 | 1 | 56 | ||||
Unidentified | 1 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 |
Division | Class | PBAT and Starch | PET And Starch | PBAT and PLA | PLA and PHA | Paper | PE | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | Humid/Si | Ocean/Sa | ||
% | |||||||||||||
Ascomycota | Dothideomycetes | 71 | 52 | 91 | 50 | 74 | 49 | 77 | 50 | 9 | 3 | 49 | 62 |
Eurotiomycetes | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||||
Leotiomycetes | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | ||||||||
Orbiliomycetes | 5 | ||||||||||||
Pezizomycetes | 38 | ||||||||||||
Sordariomycetes | 13 | 2 | 7 | 14 | 2 | 16 | 6 | 4 | 37 | 10 | |||
Unclassified | 6 | ||||||||||||
Basidiomycota | Agaricomycetes | 2 | 1 | 29 | 67 | ||||||||
Cystobasidiomycetes | 2 | 4 | |||||||||||
Microbotryomycetes | 9 | 9 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 2 | |||
Tremellomycetes | 31 | 39 | 1 | 40 | 31 | 5 | 22 | ||||||
Ustilaginomycetes | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
Chytridiomycota | Incertae sedis | 9 | 17 | ||||||||||
Mucoromycota | Incertae sedis | 6 | |||||||||||
Number of classes | 6 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
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Abbate, C.; Scavo, A.; Pesce, G.R.; Fontanazza, S.; Restuccia, A.; Mauromicale, G. Soil Bioplastic Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Agriculture 2023, 13, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010197
Abbate C, Scavo A, Pesce GR, Fontanazza S, Restuccia A, Mauromicale G. Soil Bioplastic Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Agriculture. 2023; 13(1):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010197
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbbate, Cristina, Aurelio Scavo, Gaetano Roberto Pesce, Stefania Fontanazza, Alessia Restuccia, and Giovanni Mauromicale. 2023. "Soil Bioplastic Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review" Agriculture 13, no. 1: 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010197