Fabrication of Gelatin/PCL Electrospun Fiber Mat with Bone Powder and the Study of Its Biocompatibility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Materials Characterization
2.1.1. SEM Detection
2.1.2. TEM Detection
2.1.3. Diameter Distribution of Fibers in Each Group
2.2. Culture of ADSCs
2.3. Cell Adhesion
2.4. Cell Proliferation Assay
2.5. Cell Viability Analysis
2.6. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Reagents and Devices
3.1.1. Reagents
3.1.2. Devices
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Materials Preparation
Preparation of Bone Powder
Preparation of Fiber Mats
3.2.2. Detection of Scaffolds
3.2.3. Isolation and Culture of ADSCs
3.2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy Detection
3.2.5. Cell Proliferation Assay
3.2.6. Cell Viability Analysis
3.2.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Greene, A.K.; Mulliken, J.B.; Proctor, M.R.; Rogers, G.F. Pediatric cranioplasty using particulate calvarial bone graft. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2008, 122, 563–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, Y.K.; Kim, S.G.; Bae, J.H.; Um, I.W.; Oh, J.S.; Jeong, K.I. Guided bone regeneration using autogenous tooth bone graft in implant therapy: Case series. Implant Dent. 2014, 23, 138–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pathak, R.; Amarpal, A.H.; Kinjavdekar, P.; Pawde, A.; Rashmi, M.T.; Sharma, N.; Dhama, K. Bone tissue engineering: Latest trends and future perspectives. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2015, 3, 9–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andric, T.; Wright, L.D.; Taylor, B.L.; Freeman, J.W. Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional electrospun scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2012, 100, 2097–2105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Venkatesan, J.; Bhatnagar, I.; Manivasagan, P.; Kang, K.-H.; Kim, S.-K. Alginate composites for bone tissue engineering: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015, 72, 269–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goulet, J.A.; Senunas, L.E.; DeSilva, G.L.; Greenfield, M.L. Autogenous iliac crest bone graft. Complications and functional assessment. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1997, 339, 76–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Badylak, S.F. Xenogeneic extracellular matrix as a scaffold for tissue reconstruction. Transpl. Immunol. 2004, 12, 367–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, S.; Liu, X.; Yeung, K.W.; Liu, C.; Yang, X. Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. R 2014, 80, 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Green, W.T., Jr. Articular cartilage repair. Behavior of rabbit chondrocytes during tissue culture and subsequent allografting. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1977, 124, 237–250. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Pereira, I.H.; Ayres, E.; Averous, L.; Schlatter, G.; Hebraud, A.; de Paula, A.C.; Viana, P.H.; Goes, A.M.; Orefice, R.L. Differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells seeded on mineralized electrospun co-axial poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL)/gelatin nanofibers. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2014, 25, 1137–1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, C.; Vepari, C.; Jin, H.J.; Kim, H.J.; Kaplan, D.L. Electrospun silk-BMP-2 scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2006, 27, 3115–3124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, J.; Long, T.; He, N.-F.; Guo, Y.-P.; Zhu, Z.-A.; Ke, Q.-F. Fabrication of a chitosan/bioglass three-dimensional porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2, 6611–6618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartman, G.A.; Arnold, R.M.; Mills, M.P.; Cochran, D.L.; Mellonig, J.T. Clinical and histologic evaluation of anorganic bovine bone collagen with or without a collagen barrier. Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent. 2004, 24, 127–135. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Rajzer, I.; Menaszek, E.; Kwiatkowski, R.; Chrzanowski, W. Bioactive nanocomposite PLDL/nano-hydroxyapatite electrospun membranes for bone tissue engineering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2014, 25, 1239–1247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hutmacher, D.W. Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials 2000, 21, 2529–2543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoshimoto, H.; Shin, Y.M.; Terai, H.; Vacanti, J.P. A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2003, 24, 2077–2082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, J.M.; Adewunmi, A.; Schek, R.M.; Flanagan, C.L.; Krebsbach, P.H.; Feinberg, S.E.; Hollister, S.J.; Das, S. Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 4817–4827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chong, E.J.; Phan, T.T.; Lim, I.J.; Zhang, Y.Z.; Bay, B.H.; Ramakrishna, S.; Lim, C.T. Evaluation of electrospun PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold for wound healing and layered dermal reconstitution. Acta Biomater. 2007, 3, 321–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woodruff, M.A.; Hutmacher, D.W. The return of a forgotten polymer—Polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 1217–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Engelberg, I.; Kohn, J. Physico-mechanical properties of degradable polymers used in medical applications: A comparative study. Biomaterials 1991, 12, 292–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, C.H.; Khil, M.S.; Kim, H.Y.; Lee, H.U.; Jahng, K.Y. An improved hydrophilicity via electrospinning for enhanced cell attachment and proliferation. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2006, 78, 283–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, W.J.; Cooper, J.A., Jr.; Mauck, R.L.; Tuan, R.S. Fabrication and characterization of six electrospunpoly(alpha-hydroxy ester)-based fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomater. 2006, 2, 377–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Ouyang, H.; Lim, C.T.; Ramakrishna, S.; Huang, Z.M. Electrospinning of gelatin fibers and gelatin/PCL composite fibrous scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2005, 72, 156–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rajzer, I.; Menaszek, E.; Kwiatkowski, R.; Planell, J.A.; Castano, O. Electrospun gelatin/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) fibrous scaffold modified with calcium phosphate for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2014, 44, 183–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L.; Prabhakaran, M.P.; Morshed, M.; Nasr-Esfahani, M.H.; Ramakrishna, S. Electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 4532–4539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, Y.; Jiang, H.; Tu, K.; Wang, L. Mild immobilization of diverse macromolecular bioactive agents onto multifunctional fibrous membranes prepared by coaxial electrospinning. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5, 1562–1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gautam, S.; Dinda, A.K.; Mishra, N.C. Fabrication and characterization of PCL/gelatin composite nanofibrous scaffold for tissue engineering applications by electrospinning method. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2013, 33, 1228–1235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dinarvand, P.; Seyedjafari, E.; Shafiee, A.; Jandaghi, A.B.; Doostmohammadi, A.; Fathi, M.H.; Farhadian, S.; Soleimani, M. New approach to bone tissue engineering: Simultaneous application of hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass coated on a poly(L-lactic acid) scaffold. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 4518–4524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, H.L.; Jung, G.Y.; Yoon, J.H.; Han, J.S.; Park, Y.J.; Kim, D.G.; Zhang, M.; Kim, D.J. Preparation and characterization of nano-sized hydroxyapatite/alginate/chitosan composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 2015, 54, 20–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dos Santos, E.A.; Farina, M.; Soares, G.A.; Anselme, K. Chemical and topographical influence of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate surfaces on human osteoblastic cell behavior. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2009, 89, 510–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hott, M.; Noel, B.; Bernache-Assolant, D.; Rey, C.; Marie, P.J. Proliferation and differentiation of human trabecular osteoblastic cells on hydroxyapatite. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1997, 37, 508–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, L.; Chow, K.L.; Leng, Y. Study of hydroxyapatite osteoinductivity with an osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2009, 89, 326–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Budiraharjo, R.; Neoh, K.G.; Kang, E.T. Hydroxyapatite-coated carboxymethyl chitosan scaffolds for promoting osteoblast and stem cell differentiation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2012, 366, 224–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liao, D.; Gong, P.; Li, X.; Tan, Z.; Yuan, Q. Co-culture with Schwann cells is an effective way for adipose-derived stem cells neural transdifferentiation. Arch. Med. Sci. 2010, 6, 145–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
© 2016 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rong, D.; Chen, P.; Yang, Y.; Li, Q.; Wan, W.; Fang, X.; Zhang, J.; Han, Z.; Tian, J.; Ouyang, J. Fabrication of Gelatin/PCL Electrospun Fiber Mat with Bone Powder and the Study of Its Biocompatibility. J. Funct. Biomater. 2016, 7, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb7010006
Rong D, Chen P, Yang Y, Li Q, Wan W, Fang X, Zhang J, Han Z, Tian J, Ouyang J. Fabrication of Gelatin/PCL Electrospun Fiber Mat with Bone Powder and the Study of Its Biocompatibility. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2016; 7(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb7010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong, Dongming, Ping Chen, Yuchao Yang, Qingtao Li, Wenbing Wan, Xingxing Fang, Jie Zhang, Zhongyu Han, Jing Tian, and Jun Ouyang. 2016. "Fabrication of Gelatin/PCL Electrospun Fiber Mat with Bone Powder and the Study of Its Biocompatibility" Journal of Functional Biomaterials 7, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb7010006
APA StyleRong, D., Chen, P., Yang, Y., Li, Q., Wan, W., Fang, X., Zhang, J., Han, Z., Tian, J., & Ouyang, J. (2016). Fabrication of Gelatin/PCL Electrospun Fiber Mat with Bone Powder and the Study of Its Biocompatibility. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 7(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb7010006