A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Nanotechnology
1.2. Bulk ZnO: Properties and Application
1.3. Nano ZnO: Properties and Application
1.4. ZnO Market
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- pharmaceuticals,
- -
- cosmetics,
- -
- paints,
- -
- various coatings,
- -
- antibacterial products,
- -
- electronics,
- -
- and in scientific research.
1.5. Obtaining ZnO Nanomaterials
2. Microwave Heating
- -
- low microwave absorbing, where tanδ value <0.1
- -
- medium microwave absorbing, where tanδ value ranges from 0.1 to 0.5
- -
- high microwave absorbing, where tanδ value is higher than 0.5.
2.1. Comparison of Conventional Heating with Microwave Heating
- (a)
- long heating time, which depends on the thermal conduction of the material of which the reaction chamber walls are made;
- (b)
- temperature maximums occur on the reaction vessel/chamber wall surface, which is one of the direct causes of the heterogeneity of the obtained products (so-called wall effect);
- (c)
- limited reaction control caused by a high thermal inertia of the system, which results from the heating of the heating jacket and the reaction chamber walls;
- (d)
- difficulties involved in the speed of the feedstock cooling process;
- (e)
- high heat losses.
- (a)
- No direct contact of heat source with heated material (contactless method).
- (b)
- Minimisation of the “wall effect” because the wall of the vessel (reaction chamber) is not heated directly.
- (c)
- Volumetric heating of the feedstock.
- (d)
- Instantaneous and precise electronic control. Quick heating switching on and off, e.g., heating process can be controlled with the accuracy of 1 s, namely after switching off the magnetron power unit, the heat source supply is interrupted immediately.
- (e)
- Rapid heating with preservation of low thermal gradients (rapid energy transfer) [468].
- (f)
- (g)
- (h)
- (i)
- (j)
- Easy to conduct under solvent-free conditions [451].
- (k)
- Very high power densities developed in the processing zone [452].
- (l)
- Superior moisture levelling [452].
- (m)
- Energy saving [467].
- (n)
- Higher production efficiency (faster throughputs) [452].
- (o)
- Lower apparatus size (compact equipment) [452].
- (p)
- Shorter time of apparatus start-up.
- (q)
2.2. Application of Microwave Heating, Chemical Microwave Apparatus
- (a)
- (b)
- industrial application (np. drying, wood curing, rubber curing and vulcanisation, disinfection, coal pre-treatment and processing, ceramic processing, polymer processing, polymeric composites, ceramic composites, melting of glasses, melting of metallic materials, roasting of tea/coffee beans, plant extraction processes) [442,447,448,449,450,451,481,482,483],
- (c)
- waste treatment (np. medical waste, garbage, sludge) [447];
- (d)
- (e)
- (f)
- -
- random setting of the reaction vessel,
- -
- random geometry of the reaction vessel (shape and size),
- -
- impossibility to monitor the course of the process (temperature (T), pressure (P)).
3. Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO
- (1)
- Microwave hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanostructures without any additional heat treatment, where the literature review results [506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519,520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,555,556,557,558,559,560,561,562,563,564,565,566,567,568,569,570,571,572,573,574,575,576,577,578,579,580,581,582,583,584,585,586,587,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602,603,604,605,606,607,608,609,610,611,612,613,614,615,616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,624,625,626,627,628,629,630,631,632,633,634,635,636,637,638,639] are summarised in Table 5.
- (2)
- (3)
- Microwave hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanocomposites or ZnO hybrid nanostructures without any additional heat treatment, where the literature review results [674,675,676,677,678,679,680,681,682,683,684,685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694,695,696,697,698,699,700,701,702,703,704,705,706,707,708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717,718,719,720,721,722,723] are summarised in Table 7.
- (4)
3.1. Reactants
3.2. Surfactants
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- Ethylenediamine (EDA, C2H8N2) for obtaining nanoneedles [525].
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- Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, (C6H12N4)) for obtaining nanorods [525].
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- Triethyl citrate (C12H20O7) for obtaining hexagonal disks [525].
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- Triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3) for obtaining nanosheets [521], pompon-like spheres [554], peach nut-like spheres [554], misshapen spheres [554], rugby-like nanostructures [565], raspberry-like nanostructures [566], hollow nanospheres [566], dumbbell-like [626], football-like shape [626], and spherical nanoparticles [565,566,625,645].
- -
- -
- -
- -
- Pluronic F127 (polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene block copolymer) for obtaining heterogeneous shapes [531].
- -
- Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400, C2nH4n+2On+1) for obtaining nanorods [533], flowers [533], rod-like nanostructures [574], star-like nanostructures [574], particles with an irregular shape (plate and rod-like particles) [596], quasi-spherical shapes [620], flower-like structures [620], flower-like hierarchical structures [655], rod-like structures [673], and needle-like structures [673].
- -
- Acetyl acetate (ACAC, (CH3CO)2O) for obtaining rod-like structures [644].
- -
- -
- Polyvinyl alcohol 2000 (PVA2000, (C2H4O)n) for obtaining spherical nanoparticles [578].
- -
- -
- Triethyl citrate (C12H20O7) for obtaining disk- and nut-like structures [525].
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- Tripotassium citrate for obtaining UFOs and balls-like structures [525].
- -
- Arginine (C6H14N4O2) for obtaining rods and flowers [543].
- -
- Albumen for obtaining whisker-like and rod-like nanostructures [585].
- -
- Triton X-100 (C14H22O(C2H4O)n (n = 9–10)) for obtaining rods (400–800 nm) and flower structures [594].
3.3. Morphology
3.4. Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO without Any Additional Heat Treatment
3.5. Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures with Additional Heat Treatment
3.6. Types of ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis
3.7. ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis without Any Additional Heat Treatment
3.8. ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis with Additional Heat Treatment
4. Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis of ZnO
- (1)
- Microwave solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanostructures without any additional heat treatment, where the literature review results [402,573,758,759,760,761,762,763,764,765,766,767,768,769,770,771,772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,780,781,782,783,784,785,786,787,788,789,790,791,792,793,794,795,796,797] are summarised in Table 10.
- (2)
- (3)
4.1. Reactants
4.2. Surfactants
4.3. Morphology
4.4. Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis of ZnO without Any Additional Heat Treatment
4.5. Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis of ZnO from a Solution
- (1)
- Dissolution of zinc acetate in ethylene glycol (37,38), preparation of the precursor with a specified H2O content (39)–(41):
- (2)
- Formation (42)–(45) and growth of the intermediate (46):nH2O comes from the simultaneous esterification reaction (47) or (48)
- (3)
- Achievement of equilibrium constant of the ester hydrolysis reaction for Equation (49) and at the same time of equilibrium constant of the esterification reaction (47) and decomposition of the intermediate caused by temperature (50):
- (4)
- As a result of hydrolysis of zinc acetate, water leads to the formation of acetic acid, which participates in an esterification reaction with ethylene glycol during the microwave solvothermal synthesis.
- The products of the esterification reaction are esters and water. However, the course of the reaction of obtaining and growth of the intermediate, Zn5(OH)8(CH3COO)2·xH2O, is possible only through the co-existence of the esterification reaction. Only water forming in the esterification reaction participates in reactions of obtaining/growth of the intermediate, Zn5(OH)8(CH3COO)2·xH2O. Once the equilibrium constant of the esterification reaction is reached, the intermediate rapidly decomposes into ZnO NPs, H2O and esters.
- The control of particle size arising from a change in the water content in the precursor is a consequence of the change in the quantity of formed crystalline nuclei of ZnO (NPs) relative to the remaining unconverted quantity of substrate (zinc acetate). After the decomposition of the intermediate into homogeneous nuclei of ZnO (NPs), no subsequent nuclei of ZnO (NPs) are formed as a result of further reactions. The only process that might occur is the growth of the existing nuclei of ZnO (NPs) until the still unreacted substrates are used up.
- Water fulfils the function of a catalyst in the described ZnO NPs solvothermal synthesis reaction. Water participates in the reaction with substrates and forms an unstable intermediate, Zn5(OH)8(CH3COO)2·xH2O, which at the same time is a catalyst of the esterification reaction.
4.6. Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis of ZnO from a Suspension
- -
- content of, ,
- -
- water being formed is collected physically or bound chemically,
- -
- other substances which may digest/dissolve ZnO are not formed.
4.7. Types of ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Solvothermal Synthesis
- -
- -
- -
4.8. ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Microwave Solvothermal Synthesis without Any Additional Heat Treatment
4.9. ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Solvothermal Synthesis with Additional Heat Treatment
- -
- a change in their specific surface area from 37–39 m2/g to merely 3 m2/g,
- -
- an increase in the particle size from the range of 30–40 nm to the range of 50–2000 nm depending on the amount of Co,
- -
5. Microwave Hybrid Synthesis of ZnO
- (1)
- Microwave hybrid synthesis method of pure ZnO nano and microstructures, where the literature review results [844,845,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853,854,855,856,857,858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865,866,867,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886] are summarised in Table 13.
- (2)
- Microwave hybrid synthesis method of ZnO composites or ZnO hybrid structures, where the literature review results [887,888,889,890,891,892,893,894,895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905,906,907,908,909,910,911,912,913,914,915,916,917,918,919,920,921,922,923,924,925,926,927] are summarised in Table 14.
- (1)
- Ultrasonic microwave synthesis, which consists in the use of a new generation of microwave reactors, which permit the presence of an ultrasonic homogeniser’s sonotrode in the precursor mixture during the microwave heating. The ultrasonic homogeniser during its operation converts electrical energy into mechanical energy by moving the tip of the titanium sonotrode immersed in the fluid with a high frequency (19.5–40 kHz). Due to its inertia, the fluid no longer catches up with the rapid motion of the sonotrode, which results in cavitation, i.e., formation of gas bubbles that rapidly collapse, which is accompanied by sudden pressure changes, and as a consequence creates an impact wave.
- (2)
- Microwave assisted combustion synthesis, which consists in an exothermic reaction of combustion of one of the reactants of the reaction mixture in an oxygen atmosphere. Generally, a mixture composed among others of a Zn2+ salt and an organic component (fuel) is thoroughly mixed. There are several possibilities of the final state of the reaction mixture, among others, powder, pressed pastilles, gel, emulsion. The ready reaction mixture is introduced to a microwave reactor or oven, subjected to microwave radiation, which leads to a rapid increase in the sample temperature and ignition of the fuel, resulting in the formation of a ZnO powder.
- (3)
- Microwave assisted annealing, which consists in decomposition of the reaction mixture to ZnO only under the influence of its heating as a result of microwave radiation.
- (4)
- Microwave assisted sintering, which consists in microwave soaking of the earlier obtained ZnO.
- (5)
- Microwave vapour deposition, which consists in ZnO deposition from a gaseous phase, mostly at the atmospheric pressure, on the wafer (substrate) surface. For example, powdered ZnO, Zn or a Zn2+ salt is introduced to a ceramic crucible made of Al2O3, which is closed with a cover to which the substrate is attached on its inside part. Under the influence of microwave heating, a plasma arc appears in the crucible, enabling the evaporation of the Zn2+ substrate, which is deposited at the same time in the form of thin films on the whole surface of the ceramic container in the form of ZnO. Of course, there are professional microwave based plasma deposition units, which enable the application of inert carrier gases (e.g., argon, helium) or such gases (e.g., O2) that can participate in chemical reactions leading to the formation of ZnO layers.
5.1. Reactants
5.2. Morphology
5.3. Synthesis of Pure ZnO by the Microwave Hybrid Method
- -
- for the same duration (20 min) at various reaction temperatures (30, 40, 50 and 60 °C),
- -
- for the same reaction temperature (50 °C) with various durations (10, 20, 30 and 40 min).
5.4. Types of ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures Obtained by the Microwave Hybrid Synthesis Method
- -
- -
- -
- composite and hybrid materials: Ag-ZnO [887,888,889], Au-ZnO [887], Ag–ZnO–graphene [889], Al3+ doped ZnO/Sn doped In2O3 [891], Au/Fe2O3–ZnO [892], ZnO/BiOBr [898], Zn–ZnO [899,900], ZnO–ZrO2 [901], ZnAl2O4/ZnO [902,903], Cu–ZnO–Al2O3 [905], Cu–ZnO [906], Fe2O3/ZnO [909], In2O3–Ga2O3–ZnO [912,913], MgO–ZnO [916], Sb2O3–MnO–CoO–Cr2O3–ZnO [918], TixOy–ZnO [920], ZnO/ZnFe2O4 [921], ZnO/multi-walled carbon nanotube [922], ZnO—exfoliated graphene [923], ZnO–expandable graphite [927], and ZnO–reduced graphene oxide [924,925].
5.5. Synthesis of ZnO Nanocomposites or ZnO Hybrid Nanostructures by the Microwave Hybrid Method
- -
- zinc nitrate with hexamethylenetetramine was used to obtain ZnO NPs;
- -
- zinc nitrate, silver nitrate with hexamethylenetetramine was used to obtain Ag/ZnO nanocomposites;
- -
- zinc nitrate, silver nitrate with hexamethylenetetramine and an addition of graphene was used to obtain Ag/ZnO/graphene nanocomposites.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Value |
---|---|
Molecular formula | ZnO |
State (colour, form) | white powder |
CAS Reg No. | 314-13-2 |
Molar mass | 81.39 g/mol |
Density at room temperature | 5.606 g/cm3 (crystal theoretical density 5.61 g/cm3) |
Solubility in water (25 °C) | 1.6 mg/L |
Melting point | 1975 °C |
Boiling point | 2360 °C |
Stable phase at room temperature | wurtzite |
Structure | Hexagonal, where a0 = b0 ≠ c0 |
Space group symmetries | C4 6v (P63mc) |
Bulk effective piezoelectric constant | 9.9 pm/V |
Hardness | 5.0 ± 0.1 GPa |
Lattice parameters at 300 K | |
a0 | 3.2495 Å |
c0 | 5.2069 Å |
c0/a0 | 1.602 (ideal hexagonal structure shows 1.633) |
U | 0.345 |
Thermal conductivity | 0.6, 1–1.2 W·cm−1·K−1 |
Specific heat | 0.125 cal/gm·°C |
Linear expansion coefficient | a0: 6.5 cm 3 × 10−6 K |
c0: 3.0 cm 3 × 10−6 K | |
Static dielectric constant | 8.656 ε(0), ε(∞) |
Thermoelectric constant at 573 K | 1200 mV/K |
Refractive index | 2.008–2.029 |
Band gap | at RT: 3.370 eV |
at 4 K: 3.437 eV | |
Exciton binding energy | 60 meV |
Intrinsic carrier concentration | <106 cm3 |
Electron effective mass | 0.24 m0 |
Hole effective mass | 0.59 m0 |
Electron Hall mobility at 300 K | 200 cm2/V·s |
Hole Hall mobility at 300 K | 5–50 cm2/V·s |
Ionicity | 62% |
High (>0.5) | Medium (0.1–0.5) | Low (<1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solvent | tanδ | Solvent | tanδ | Solvent | tanδ |
Ethylene glycol | 1.350 | 2-Butanol | 0.447 | Chloroform | 0.091 |
Ethanol | 0.941 | Dichlorobenzene | 0.280 | Acetonitrile | 0.062 |
DMSO | 0.825 | NMP | 0.275 | Ethyl acetate | 0.059 |
2-Propanol | 0.799 | Acetic acid | 0.174 | Acetone | 0.054 |
Formic acid | 0.722 | DMF | 0.161 | THF | 0.047 |
Methanol | 0.659 | Dichloroethane | 0.127 | Dichloromethane | 0.042 |
Nitrobenzene | 0.589 | Water | 0.123 | Toluene | 0.040 |
1-Butanol | 0.571 | Chlorobenzene | 0.101 | Hexane | 0.020 |
Material | Temperature (°C) | Penetration Depth (cm) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Water (distilled) | 20 | 1.6 | [463] |
Water (distilled) | 25 | 2.88 | [456] |
Water (distilled) | 100 | 80 | [463] |
0.125 M NaCl solution of salt water | 25 | 0.88 | [464] |
0.5 M NaCl solution of salt water | 25 | 0.45 | [456] |
2 M NaCl solution of salt water | 25 | 0.14 | [464] |
Water (ice) | −12 | 1100 | [465] |
Ethylene glycol | 25 | 0.46 | [464] |
Methanol | 25 | 0.68 | [464] |
Ethanol | 25 | 0.93 | [464] |
1-propanol | 25 | 1.39 | [464] |
Acetone | 25 | 7.07 | [464] |
Ethyl acetate | 25 | 11.05 | [464] |
Xylene | 25 | 28.32 | [464] |
Rubber, styrene-butadiene (SBR), vulc. | - | 19 | [463] |
Nitrile rubber, natural | - | 65 | [463] |
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) ceram, for MW use | - | 3000 | [463] |
Polyethylene | 25 | 4000 | [463] |
Polyethylene | - | 5907.1 | [456] |
Polystyrene | - | 7619.3 | [456] |
PTFE (Teflon®) | - | 9000 | [463] |
Quartz, pure | - | 20,000 | [463] |
Silver | - | 0.33 × 10−4 | [463] |
Zinc, pure (Zn) | - | 1.24·× 10−4 | [463] |
Copper (Cu) | - | 1.3 × 10−4 | [456] |
Aluminium 100% (Al) | - | 0.86 × 10−4 | [463] |
Aluminium (Al) | - | 1.7 × 10−4 | [456] |
Nickel (Ni) | - | 2.7 × 10−4 | [456] |
Iron (Fe) | - | 3.2 × 10−4 | [456] |
Titanium, pure (Ti) | - | 3.3 × 10-4 | [463] |
Stainless steel (304) | - | 4.3 × 10−4 | [463] |
Microwave Power | Heating Time after Which the Temperature Was Reached (s) | |
---|---|---|
100 °C | 140 °C | |
100 W | 443 | - |
200 W | 139 | 353 |
300 W | 106 | 171 |
400 W | 61 | 112 |
500 W | 43 | 141 |
600 W | 37 | 61 |
700 W | 31 | 52 |
800 W | 27 | 45 |
900 W | 22 | 41 |
1000 W | 22 | 39 |
Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1, 0.5 and 2 M), NaOH, H2O | pH: 8–12; T: 100–190 °C; P: 1–13 bar, duration: 2 min–2 h; microwave reactor | SSA: 4.7–18.1 m2/g; particles, submicrometre grains and star-like morphology | [506] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1 M), NaOH (2 M), H2O | P: 9–39 bar, duration: 3–7 min; power: 70–100%; microwave reactor (750 W) | heterogeneous nano- and microstructures; particles size: 10–300 nm | [507] |
ZnCl2·2H2O (0.1 M), KOH or urea, H2O | pH: 12; P: 10–40 bar; duration: 3–15 min; microwave reactor | SSA: 8.6–102.2 m2/g; particles size: 37–114 nm, flower-like morphology | [508] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.005 M), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) (0.005 M), H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 2 min; microwave reactor | ZnO rods (e.g., bipods, tripods, tetrapods and multipods); diameter: 160–220 nm; length: 1.25–1.3 µm | [509] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.13 M), NaOH (1.3 M), 1-n-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, H2O | T: 90–125 °C; duration: 2–10 min; microwave reactor | morphology: flower-like + needle-like, from 60 to 450 nm and lengths up to several micrometres | [510] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, N,N dimethylformamide, H2O | duration: 23 min; power: 50%; microwave oven | spherical particles ~160 nm and nanoplatelets and nanorods ~2 nm in diameter and ~80 nm in length | [511] |
ZnO was dissolved in NH4(OH) and Zn2+ 0.08 M, H2O, NH4(OH) (0.5, 1, 5, 10 and 14.8 M) was obtained | T: 90–150 °C; P: 0.7–4.8 bar; power: 1000 W; microwave reactor | flower-like agglomeration | [512] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.005 M), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) (0.010 M), NaOH (3 M) | pH: 9 and 13; T: 96 °C; duration: 60 min; | flower-like ZnO microstructures (2–3 µm) of hexagonal prisms (length: 1–2 μm, diameter: 50–130 nm) with planar and hexagonal pyramid tips (length: 1.5 μm, diameter: 300 nm) | [513] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.43 M), NaOH (0.43 M), H2O, NaCl, wet mechanical mixtures obtained | T: 75–135 °C; power: 650 W; microwave oven | SSA: 9–13 m2/g; microtubes | [514] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.05 M), urea (0.05 M), H2O | duration: 40 min; power: 180 W; microwave oven | nanotubes have regular polyhedral shapes, hollow cores with diameters of 100–200 nm, lengths of 1–3 mm and wall thicknesses of 10–40 nm. | [515] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.43 M), NaOH (0.43 M), H2O | duration: 15 min; T: 75–170 °C; power: 40–450 W; Teflon cell in microwave oven; pulsed mode | SSA: 9–19 m2/g, crystallite size: 30–45 nm | [516] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O and hydrazine (N2H4·H2O) in a molar ratio of 1:4 in H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | nanorods; diameter about 25–75 nm and length in the range of 500–1500 nm | [517] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 20 min; T: 100–180 °C; power: 0–1000 W; microwave reactor | nanorods; nanowires; nanothruster vanes; nanodandelions; nanospindles | [518] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (1.6 M), NaOH (3.2 M), H2O | pH: 8.3; duration: 1–5 min; microwave oven | nanorods (diameter: 100–200 nm) and flower structures | [519] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH (different concentrations), H2O | duration: 1 h; T: 110 °C; microwave oven | submicron starshaped structures, chrysanthemum flower structures, nanoflakes | [520] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, pyridine (C5H5N), aniline (C6H5NH2) and triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3) (different concentrations), H2O | duration: 10 min; T: 90 °C; microwave reactor | various morphologies: linear linked needles, regularly hexagonal cross section of a needle, hollow structures, hexagonal nanorings, hexagonal columns, nanosheets | [521] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imid, H2O | duration: 2–7 min; T: power: 255 W; microwave oven (850 W) | nanoparticles, length less than 100 nm | [522] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.025 M); hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) (0.025 M), H2O | duration: 1–30 min; T: 100–180 °C; power: 120–700 W; microwave oven | nanowires | [523] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH (5 M) nasturtium officinale leaf extract, H2O | pH: 10; duration: 10 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | heterogeneous aggregates of NPs | [524] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.025 M), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH) (0.16 M), H2O, ethylenediamine (EDA, C2H8N2), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), triethyl citrate (C12H20O7), tripotassium citrate monohydrate (C₆H₅K₃O₇·H₂O) | duration: 15 min; T: 90 °C; microwave reactor | nanorods, nanoneedles, nanocandles, nanodisks and nanonuts | [525] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), H2O | duration: 60 min; T: 100 °C; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | nanostars, average size: ≈625 nm, crystallite size ≈550 nm, SSA = 20.6 m2/g | [526] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), NH4(OH), H2O | duration: 85 s; T: 90 °C; power: 800 W; microwave oven | flower-like shapes with diameter of 3 to 5 µm, flowers with rod-like nanostructures, spherical particles in 2–4 µm diameter; 2–3 µm structured balls with occasional large 10 µm lumps | [527] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH) (different concentrations), H2O | pH: 7.0–11.1; duration: 2 h; T: 150 °C; microwave reactor | hexagonally shaped prismatic (width ≈ 1 μm, length ≈ 5 μm); flower-like structures formed by a micron sized crystals; heterogeneous particles (size from ~50 nm to 300 nm) | [528] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, (o- and m- and p)-nitrobenzoic acid, H2O | duration: 10 min; microwave reactor | flower-like products consist of sword-like ZnO nanorods, which were 60–100 nm in width and several micrometres in length. | [529] |
ZnCl2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O, bis(dodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide) (C26H56BrN) | duration: 5–10 h; T: 100–140 °C; power: 300–400 W; microwave reactor | flower-like with mean r 0.5–1.5 µm, sphere-like with mean diameter of 0.5 µm | [530] |
ZnCl2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C19H42BrN), Pluronic F127 | duration: 5 min; power: 130 W; microwave oven | SSA: 15.5–24.8 m2/g, diameter: 58–93 nm, heterogeneous shape | [531] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Na(OH) (different concentrations), H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 450 W; microwave oven | nanoplates flowers | [532] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O, polyethylene glycol, ethanol | duration: 30 min; T: 140 °C; power: 700 W; microwave reactor (multimode) | nanorods, flowers | [533] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.5 M), KOH (2 M), H2O | pH: 8; T: 120 and 140 °C; duration: 8 min; microwave oven (800 W) | multiwires with a flower-like shape of 50–400 nm in width and length | [534] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.1 M), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1 M), NH4OH, polyvinilpirrolidone, hydrazine hydrate solution (N2H4 in H2O), H2O | pH: 7.5–8; duration: 5–10 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | spherical nanoparticles, stars, flowers | [535] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, gum arabic (stabilising agent), NaOH, H2O | pH: 10; duration: 5 min; power: 450 W | stars (diameter: 1020 nm), spherical particles (diameter: 240 nm) | [536] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, gum arabic (stabilising agent), NaOH, H2O | pH: 10; duration: 2–10 min; power: 350 W | aggregates of NPs (20–40 nm), size of aggregates: 150–200 nm | [537] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1 M), NH4(OH), hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O), H2O | pH: 8; duration: 10 min; microwave oven | flower morphology consists of sharp nanorods which look like petals | [538] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.005 M), KOH (4 M), H2O | pH: 12; T: 120 °C; duration: 4 h; microwave oven | nanowires with diameter of 80 nm and lengths of up to 10 µm. | [539] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.01 M), urea (0.1 M), H2O | T: 120 °C; duration: 10–24 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | javelins, length: 14–17 µm, width: 0.9–1.4 µm | [540] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH | duration: 20 min; power: 180 W; microwave oven | flowerlike structures composed of hexagonal ZnO spear-shaped nanorods with diameters and lengths of 50 nm and 2–4 μm, | [541] |
ZnCl2·2H2O (different concentrations), NH4(OH), H2O | duration: 10–40 min; power: 10–50%; microwave oven (800 W) | nanorods | [542] |
ZnCl2·2H2O, arginine (C6H14N4O2), H2O | T: 120–180 °C; duration: 3–10 min; microwave reactor | rods and flowers | [543] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), NaOH, H2O | pH: 12; T: 120–140 °C; duration: 15–60 min; power: 0–100%; microwave oven (900 W) | nanosheets | [544] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 9; duration: 90 sec; microwave oven (900 W) | narcissus-like nanostructures with crystallite sizes of 10–15 nm and average diameter of 1–2.5 µm | [545] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaHCO3, H2O | duration: 15 min; power: 200 W; microwave oven | amorphous material | [546] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.0026 M), NaOH (1 M), H2O, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C19H42BrN) | T: 130 °C; duration: 30–180 min; Teflon autoclave in microwave oven (800 W) | nanowires and microwires of about 50–400 nm in width and several micrometres in length | [547] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 2–3 min; power: 600–900 W; Teflon bottle in microwave oven (1000 W) | nanorods diameters from 117 to 156 nm | [548,549] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), NaOH, H2O | pH: 7–13.1; duration: 20; power: 180 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles in clusters, nanoplates in flower-like clusters, and spear-shaped particles in flower-like clusters | [550] |
ZnCl2·2H2O (0.066 M), NaOH (1.75 M), H2O | pH: 13.75; duration: 5 min; power: 150–1000 W; microwave oven (1000 W) | nanoparticles, nanoneedles, nanosheets (leaf-like) | [551] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.1 M), NaOH (4 M), CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na (0.1 M), C12H25C6H4SO3Na (0.025 M), H2O | T: 75–130 °C; duration: 1–5 h; power: 400 and 700 W; microwave reactor | SSA: 33.1–419.7 m2/g; square shaped sheets | [552] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) | duration: 30–45 sec; power: 700 W, microwave oven | multiple linked rods such as bipods, tripods (T- shaped), tetrapods (+ and X-shaped), tassel brush and flower shaped and individual rods | [553] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3), H2O | T: 80–100 °C; duration: 10–30 min; microwave reactor (1000 W) | pompon-like spheres, peach nut-like spheres, misshapen spheres | [554] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, bis(triaminomethyl) carbonate (C3H12N6O3), H2O | pH: 12; duration: 2 min; power: 600 W; microwave oven | flower-like structure (2 µm) composed of petals with average size of about 600–700 nm in length, 300–400 nm in width, and 50–70 nm in tip | [555] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 15–50 min; power: 120–420 W; microwave reactor (700 W) | nanostructures consisted of flower-like, sword-like, needle-like and rods-like structures | [556] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10.2; duration: 50–70 s; microwave oven (800 W) | rod-arrays film on glass | [557] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10.2; duration: 10 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | star-shaped nanostructures | [558] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.06 M), NaOH (0.06 M), polyethylene glycols (PEG)-2000, H2O | T: 180 °C; duration: 10, 20, 30, 60 min; microwave reactor | hierarchical structured nanorods | [559] |
ZnSO4·7H2O (0.1 M), NaOH (0.4 M) | duration: 2 min; microwave oven | nanoparticles (10–15 nm) | [560] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, 1-butyl-3-ethyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C8H15BF4N2), H2O | T: 120–140 °C; duration: 5 min; microwave reactor (800 W) | calthrop-like framework | [561] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.03 M), NaOH (0.06 M), H2O, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2000, H2O | T: 180 °C; duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | rods with the diameter of 300 nm and length of 1 µm | [562] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (different concentrations), H2O | T: 150 °C; duration: 1–30 min; microwave reactor | microrods with width of 200–300 nm and length of up to 4 µm | [563] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, dodecylamine (C12H27N), H2O | T: 80–130 °C; duration: 1–50 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | hexagonal quasi-hourglasses (tripods, tetrapods, pentapods, multipods) | [564] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3), NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 6-12; T: 80–160 °C; duration: 10–60 min; power: 150 W; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles 60–90 nm, rugby-like nanostructures with diameter of 450 nm and length of about 700 nm | [565] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3, (different concentrations), NaOH (different concentrations), H2O | pH: 9.0–12; duration: 90 s; power: 900 W; microwave oven | nanospheres with the crystallite size of 57 nm; raspberry-like nanostructures with the crystallite size of 62 nm; hollow nanospheres with the crystallite size of 78 nm; nanoparticles with the crystallite size of 24 nm | [566] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1 M), C6H12N4 (0.1 M) | T: 90 °C; duration: 2 h; microwave oven | nanorods on the surface of GaN 80–170 nm, nanorods on the surface of glass 40–100 nm | [567,568,569] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, C6H12N4 | duration: 5 h; microwave oven | nanorods on the surface of glass, average width of nanorod: 20–1000 nm, average length of nanorod: 150–5000 nm | [570] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, | T: 90 °C; duration: 10–30 min; microwave oven | micro-tube structure 200–400 nm in diameter, flower-like structure composed of spear-shaped nanorods with diameters and lengths of 70 nm and 1–5 μm, | [571] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), NaOH, C2H5OH | pH: 10; T: 100 °C duration: 45–60 min; power: 800 W; microwave reactor | plates (SSA: 10.7 m2/g), rounded plates (SSA: 9.18 m2/g), brush-like (SSA: 9.5 m2/g), flower-like (SSA: 8.5 m2/g) | [572] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 8; duration: 180 s; microwave oven (900 W) | SSA: 22.9 m2/g; uniform flower-like nanostructures composed of petals attached in the centre with lengths in the range of 700–950 nm and a width in the range of 130–230 nm; each single petal is composed of nanoparticles with lengths of 45–95 nm | [573] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), C25N3H30Cl, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, C19H42BrN, H2O | duration: 10 min; microwave reactor | rod-like nanostructures, star-like nanostructures | [574] |
ZnSO4·7H2O, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9; duration: 5–25 min; microwave reactor | sheet nanostructures | [575] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1 M), NH4(OH), H2O, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C19H42BrN) | pH: 7; T: 150 °C; duration: 1 h; microwave reactor | nanorods, length: 1–2 μm and width: 100–150 nm | [576] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | duration: 8 min; power: 900 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles (15 nm) which were self-assembled to form a sheet-like structure | [577] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, polyvinyl alcohol, H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 700 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles (40 nm) | [578] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.005 M), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.005 M), ZnSO4·7H2O (0.005 M), KOH (2 M), H2O | pH: 12; T: 130 °C; duration: 1 h; microwave reactor (800 W) | flower-like structures, plates | [579] |
ZnCl2·2H2O (0.5 M), urea, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 800 W microwave reactor | sponge-like nanostructure | [580] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, ZnCl2·2H2O, NaOH, KOH, NH4(OH), sodium di-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (C20H36Na2O7S), H2O | T: 80–140 °C; duration: 5–20 min; power: 300–1200 W; microwave reactor | hexagonal rods (3–4 μm long and 1 μm wide), hexagonal prismatic, bihexagonal rod-like structure (6 μm long and 2 μm wide), hexagonal prismatic particles (60–80 nm in diameter and length between 90 and 110 nm) | [581] |
ZnCl2·2H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | T: 80–140 °C; duration: 20 min; power: 240 W; microwave oven | flower-shaped ZnO microcrystals (about 5 μm) | [582] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | T: 170 °C; duration: 2–20 min; microwave reactor | irregular sheet-like structures and rods, tripods | [583] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 3 h; microwave reactor | nanorods on paper | [584] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.1 M), NH4(OH), albumen, H2O | pH: 8; duration: 5 min; microwave oven | sheet-like and spherical-like nanostructures (13–50 nm), nanowhiskers and nanorods (10–57 nm) | [585] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.03 M), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 2–30 min; power: 10–100%; microwave oven (1100 W) | nanostructured-films (networked-nanoflakes morphology) | [586,587] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, glutamic tetrofluoroborate (different concentrations), H2O | T: 80 °C; duration: 10 min; power: 1000 W; microwave reactor | clew-like hierarchical nanosheet spheres, nanoneedle-like structures | [588] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 5–20 s; power: 180-1100 W; microwave oven | growth of nanorods, diameters: 50–80 nm | [589,590,591] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (0.03 M), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 30 min; power: 110 W; modified microwave oven (1100 W) | porous nanostructures grown on Al-Si substrate (Al layer thickness form 0 to 150 nm); Al-free Si substrate: nanorods were formed (length: 350 nm, diameter: 50 nm); Al on Si substrate: nanoflake (height ~380 nm ) with pores sizes ranging from 50 nm to several hundreds of nanometres. | [592] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4, different concentrations), H2O | T: 80 °C; duration: 10 min; power: 30–50%; microwave oven | ZnO nanoarray (rod-like structures) on glass, size control achieved by regulating the parameters | [473] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), NH4(OH), H2O | duration: 8 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | flower-like and rod-like structures | [593] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.45 M), NaOH (8 M), Triton X-100 | duration: 1–6 min; power: 100–600 W; microwave oven | rods (400–800 nm), flower structures | [594] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, H2O | duration: 3 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | hexagonal nanorods (length from ~1.5 μm to 3 μm and in diameter from ~30 nm to 80 nm) | [595] |
Zn-dust, HNO3, NaOH, polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 2000), H2O | duration: 10–20 min; microwave oven | SSA: 14.4-21.8 m2/g; particles with irregular shape (plate and rod-like particles), crystallite size: 34–42 nm | [596] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C19H42BrN, different concentrations), H2O | T: 130°; duration: 15–60 min; microwave oven | wire-like architecture with a width in the range of 60–80 nm, flower-like microstructures composed of nanorods, rod has a width of 300–400 nm and a length of 3–4 µm | [597] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, NH4(OH), di-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate (C20H36Na2O7S), H2O | T: 80–140 °C; duration: 5–20 min; power: 300–1200 W; microwave reactor | cauliflower-like structures, hexagonal prismatic type particles (200–300 nm) | [598] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NH4(OH), hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O), H2O | pH: 11.5; duration: 10–25 min; power: 510–680 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles, nanorods, flowers | [599] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | T: 140 °C; duration: 45 min; power: 400 W; microwave reactor (1600 W) | nanorods, diameter ranging from 60 to 80 nm with average length of about 250 nm | [600] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.005 M), NaOH (0.025 M), H2O | duration: 6 min; power: 400–600 W; microwave oven | mixture of nanorods and nanoplates | [601] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.18 M), NaOH (different concentrations), H2O | pH: 7–9.5; T: 50 °C; duration: 3 min; microwave reactor (600 W) | nanorods (width: 80–300 nm, height: 150–1000 nm) grown on Si, GaAs and GaN substrate | [602] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.18 M), NaOH (different concentrations), H2O | pH: 6.75–7.75; T: 50 °C; duration: 2 min; microwave reactor (600 W) | rods (width: 0.5–2.5, height: 1.5–2.2 µm) grown on GaN substrate | [603] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10.1–10.9; T: 90 °C; duration: 20 min; power: 100 W; microwave oven | nanorods grown on Si substrate | [604] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4 ), H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 2 h (switched on and off automatically); microwave oven | nanorods grown on Si substrate (thickness: ~1 µm) | [605] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 10–30 min; power: 120 W; microwave oven | rods, bipods (length: 0.46–1 µm, width: 0.1–0.13 µm) | [606] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O, oxalic acid dihydrate (C2H2O4·2H2O) | P: 20.68 bar; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | nanorods or flower grown on paper | [607] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylene tetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | T: 80 °C; duration: 5–20 min; power: 100–1600 W; microwave reactor (1600 W) | nanorods grown on glass substrate | [608] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylene tetramine (C6H12N4, different concentrations), H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 240 W; microwave oven | nanorods (diameter: 89–216 nm) grown on glass substrate | [609] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10.0–12.0; T: 90–120 °C; duration: 1 h min; microwave reactor | nanorods grown on glass substrate, control of size of diameter of rods within the size range between circa 125 and 770 nm | [610] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | T: 60–110 °C; duration: 5–40 min; microwave reactor | nanorods (diameter from ~30 to ~300 nm, length from ~60 nm to ~520 nm) grown on Si substrate | [611] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), NaOH, CH3COOH, H2O | pH: 9.8 or 10.8; duration: five steps (each step included 30 s of irradiation and 10 s off); microwave oven | dandelion-like nanostructures (needles: 50–200 nm, height ~2 µm) or a flower-like microstructures grown on activated carbon cloth | [612] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), palmitic acid (CH3(CH2)14COOH), H2O | pH: 4–5; duration: 10–30 min; microwave oven | rod shaped structures | [613] |
ZnSO4·7H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10; duration: 2 min; power: 600 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles (~50 nm) | [614] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, potassium sodium citrate, NaOH, H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 2 min; power: 600 W; microwave oven (650 W) with a refluxing apparatus | sphere-like particles (~2.32 μm) | [615] |
tris(ethylenediamine)zinc nitrate ([Zn(en)3](NO3)2), NaOH, H2O | pH: 7–12; T: 180 °C; duration: 20 min; power: 400 W; microwave reactor (1600 W) | nanorods, diameter: from 40 nm (pH 12) to 600 nm (pH 7) | [616] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | T: 100 °C; duration: 60 min; power: 100 W; microwave reactor | nanorods (180–350 nm) grown on glass | [617] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), polyethylenimine, NH4OH, H2O | T: power on and off in order to control the solution temperature; duration: 6–10 × (30–60 s “on” and 5 min “off”); microwave oven (350 W) | nanorods (180–350 nm) grown on glass | [618] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4(OH), carbon fibre, H2O | duration: 3 × (30 s irradiation and 30 s stop); microwave oven (1120 W) | rods (diameter: 0.3–0.5 µm, length: 1.0–1.5 µm) grown on carbon fibre | [619] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, NH4(OH), polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 400), H2O | T: 100 °C, duration: 5 min; microwave oven (800 W) | quasi-spherical shape and dimensions of less than 5 μm, flower-like structures (>5 μm), | [620] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, C6H12N4, polyethylenimine, NH4(OH), H2O | duration: 5–15 min; microwave oven (800 W) | nanoflowers and nanowalls grown on P–Si | [621] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, 1-hexyl-2-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumtetrafluoroborate (C6H11BF4N2), H2O | duration: 2–9 min; power: 30%; microwave oven | flakes-shaped particles, flower-like shaped particles | [622] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, plant extract, H2O | pH: 10; duration: 15 min; microwave oven | nanoparticles | [623] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, (C6H12N4)2, H2O | T: 70–130 °C; duration: 10 min; microwave reactor | nanorods on paper, length 120–480 nm, thickness 55–75 nm | [624] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3), H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 640 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles | [625] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3), 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid, H2O | pH: 8–12; T: 150 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 800 W; microwave reactor | dumbbell-like structures, football-like structures, hexagonal bi-pyramidal structures, SSA: 7–24 m2/g; size 50 nm–10 μm | [626] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | pH: 8–10; duration: 6 min; microwave oven (700 W) | sheet-like structures and uniform microstructures | [627] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (C4H11NO3), H2O | duration: 3 min; microwave oven (300 W) | spherical nanoparticles | [628] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, H2O | pH: 7–12; T: 150 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 800 W; microwave reactor | rod-like structures, needle-like structures, platelet-like structures, hexagonal columnar shape of the particles, rice-grain shape structures | [629] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.1 M), NaOH (0.1 M), {4-[(E)-2-(furan-2-yl)ethenyl]pyridin-1-ium-1-yl} acetate (1 wt% and 3 wt%), CH3OH, H2O | duration: 20 min; microwave oven | heterogeneous shape of nanoparticles, size: 200–800 nm, average crystallite size: 21–23 nm | [630] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), NH4(OH), H2O | pH, 6.8–13, duration: 10–15 min; pulsed microwave heating in microwave oven (850 W) | rod, flower, star, tetrapod | [631] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | T: 105 °C; duration: 10–30 min; microwave oven (850 W) | growth of nanorods on P-type silicon wafer, diameters: from 26–32 nm to 35–40 nm, lengths: from 330 nm–607 nm | [632] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 20 min; power: 750 W; microwave oven | growth of nanorods on silicon substrate, diameters ~80 nm, lengths ~500 nm | [633] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, coffee powder extract, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 540 W; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (80–120 nm) | [634] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, tomato extract, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 180–540 W; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (40–100 nm) | [635] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, tea leaf extract, H2O | duration: 7 min; power: 540 W; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (26 nm) | [636] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Longan fruits extract, H2O | duration: 1 min on & 1 min off irradiation cycle (1–30 cycles); power: 450–800 W; microwave oven | SSA: 35 m2/g, diameter: 10–100 nm, heterogeneous shape | [637] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.22 M), carbinol, H2O | duration: 5–15 min; power: 900 W; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles, diameters: 30 nm–50 nm; hexagonal facetted nanostructures, average size: 400–450 nm | [638] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NH4(OH) (28%), H2O | pH: 12; duration: 5–25 min; power: 180–540 W; microwave oven (1200 W) | spherical and flower-like particles on paper; non-uniform size | [639] |
ZnO powder, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%) | P: 30 bar; duration: 15 min; power: 1200 W; microwave oven (1200 W) | rod-like nanostructures, average size: 36 nm | [640] |
Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Parameters of Additional Heat Treatment | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4OH, H2O | duration: 5–10 min; power: 240–400 W; microwave oven | 500 °C in air for 1 h | dumbbell-shaped structures built of particles sized ~100 nm | [641] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, H2O | duration: 15 min (irradiation 12 s, stop 10 s); power: 180 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air for 1 h | nanorods assembled in flower shaped, rods: diameter 150–190 nm (tip diameter ~15 nm), length 2 μm, with an aspect ratio of 20–22 | [642,643] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, guanidinium carbonate, acetyl acetone (ACAC), H2O | pH: 8–12; duration: 2 min; power level: 75%; microwave oven | without and 600 °C in air for 2 h | petals: length 600–700 nm, width 300–400 nm, tip 50–70 nm; rod-like nanostructures diameters 60–90 nm maximal length 1.5 µm; spherical-like nanostructures: diameter 50 nm | [644] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.2 M), NaOH (0.4 M), H2O, triethanolamine (TEA, C6H15NO3) | duration: 20 min; power: 20%; microwave oven | 900 °C in air for 1 h | spherical particles ~50 nm | [645] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 2 h; microwave oven | 250–550 °C for 1 h in oxygen flow (5 cm3/min) | nanorods (diameter from 50–300 nm) grown on surface of silicon substrates | [568] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), polyethylenimine, NH4OH, H2O | duration: 4–80 min; power: 180–850 W; microwave oven | 350 °C for 20 min in air | nanowire grown on an ITO-coated glass substrate | [646] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 200 W; microwave oven | 400–800 °C for 1 h in air | circular- and hexagonal-shaped particles | [647] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, sodium dodecyl, NH4OH, (CH3)2CHOH (2-propanol) H2O | duration: 2 h; power: 100–800 W; microwave oven | 500 °C for 3 h in air | flakes-like structures, spherical-like, crystallite size: 31–39 nm (morphology dependent on the microwave power) | [648] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, ZnCl2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, pyridine (C5H5N), H2O | pH: 13.75; duration: 2–5 min; power: 1000 W; microwave oven | 300–500 °C for 2 h in air | nanoparticles, nanoflowers, nanorods | [649] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, urea, H2O | T: 220 °C; duration: 15 min; microwave oven | 400 °C for 90 min in air | nanosheets | [650] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), NaOH, H2O | pH: 13; T: 90–220 °C; duration: 15 min; power: 110–710 W; microwave reactor (1400 W) | 200 °C for 2 h in air | nano-platelets | [651] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, trisodium citrate dihydrate (Na3C6H5O7·2H2O) (different amounts), NH4OH, H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 10–45 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | 400 °C for 4 h in air | hollow microspheres average dimensions ~4 μm; thickness 400–600 nm. | [652] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NH4OH, albumen, H2O | pH: 8; duration: 5 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | 130 °C for 5 h in air | whisker-like and rod-like nanostructures: thickness 10–57 nm | [585] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, KOH, H2O | pH: 9–13; duration: 30 min; power: 180 W microwave oven | 200 °C for 2 h in vacuum | nanorods | [653] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, urea (different concentrations), H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 40 min; power: 400 W microwave oven | 400–600 °C for 3 h in different atmospheres (O2, N2, H2 and air), | various flower-like nano and microstructures, urchin-like structures | [654] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4OH, hexamethylenetetramine ((CH2)6N4), hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, polyethylene glycol (PEG400), H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | 500 °C for 2 h in air | needle-assembled structures with flower-like morphology; bundle-like microstructures assembled by nanorods; flower-like hierarchical structures composed of some tight aggregations | [655] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, trisodium citrate dihydrate (Na3C6H5O7·2H2O), urea, H2O | T: 140 °C; duration: 20 min; microwave reactor | 500 °C for 2 h in air | porous core–shell microstructures | [656] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, H2O, | pH: 13; duration: 1–5 min with 30 s on–off cycling mode; power: 900 W; microwave oven | 400 °C for 1 h in air | microspheres | [657] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O, | pH: 12.66–13; duration: 10–30 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | 500 °C for 2 h in air | nanorods, nanoplates | [658] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), H2O | duration: 45 min; power: 1800 W; microwave oven | 350 °C for 1 h in air | nanorods, length: ~4.3 ± 0.2 µm, diameter: 100 ± 10 nm | [659] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) (different concentrations), H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 750 W; microwave reactor | 400 °C for 1 h in air | shape from random spherical to highly conserved hexagonal shaped rods, size: from ~25 nm to µm/sub µm | [660] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4), hydrazine hydrate (N2H4), H2O | pH: 10; duration: 10–30 min; microwave reactor (1000 W) | 500 °C for 2 h in air | nanorods, length: 579–909 nm, diameter: 116–240 nm | [661] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Tuber (Amorphophallus konjac) extract, H2O | duration: 5 min; microwave oven | 400 °C for 1 h in air | rice shaped nanoparticles, length: 237 nm, diameter: 76 nm | [662] |
ZnCl2, NaOH, H2O | pH: 6.1–13.7; T: 80 °C; duration: 5–20 min; microwave reactor (900 W) | 150 °C for 3 h in air | hexagonal flake, velvet flower-like, rough globular, needle bunch-like, cauliflower-like, clew-like, nanorods, and rhombic microstructures | [663] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, ZnCl2·3H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, NH4OH, H2O | duration: 10 min; microwave reactor | 600 °C for 2 h in air | nanoflakes, nanorods, hexagonal tubular, pseudo-spherical | [664] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, H2O (solvent) and C2H5OH (solvent) | P: 20–40 bars; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor | 750 °C for 1 h in air | particles, irregular shape | [665] |
ZnCl2·3H2O, H2O, microcrystalline cellulose | T: 100 °C; duration: 10–60 min; microwave oven | 600 °C for 3 h in air | heterogeneous nanostructures and microstructures | [666] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, ZnCl2·3H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, ZnCO3, Psidium guajava Linn. Extract, H2O | T: 100 °C; duration: varying cycles of 3 min-on and 1 min-off min; power: 720 W; microwave oven | 900 °C for 1.5 h in air | diameter: 60–180 nm | [667] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, pelargonium leaf extract, H2O | duration: 3 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | 400 °C for 2 h in air | heterogeneous particles | [668] |
ZnSO4·7H2O (different concentrations), banana corm extract, H2O | duration: 15 min; power: 540 W; microwave oven | 400 °C for 3 h in air | microparticles | [669] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, H2O | duration: 0.5–2 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | 400 °C for 1 h in air | nanorods, tetrapods (length: 255 nm), flowers (petal length: 387 nm) | [670] |
Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O, 1,2,3- trimethyl-imidazole tetrafluoroborate, H2O | duration: 2 h; power: 180 W; microwave oven (900 W) | 400 °C for 2 h in air | nanobelts, width: 500–800 nm; length: several micrometres, thickness: 100 nm | [671] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4OH, C2H5OH, H2O | T: 120 °C; duration: 10 min; power: 180 W; microwave reactor | 527 °C in air | heterogeneous hollow NPs, SSA: 17.1 m2/g | [672] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, polyethylene glycols (MW= 1500 and MW= 4000), sugar, cassava starch, H2O | duration: 10 min (with 5 s/15 s on/off step); power: 320 and 480 W; microwave oven | 450 °C for 1 h in air | rod-like structures and needle-like structures, length: 300–3000 nm | [673] |
Type of Composite | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mn (5%) doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, NaOH, polyvinylpyrrolidone | T: 60 °C, power: 700 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles sized 10–59 nm | [674] |
Mn (5–70% wt%) doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, KOH, H2O | P: 38 bars; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor | nanoparticles, irregular spherical shape, ZnO and ZnMn2O4 phases, size: 33–99 nm | [675] |
ZnO/ZnMn2O | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, KOH, H2O | P: 38 bars; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor | ZnO (30 wt%)-MnO (70 wt%); nearly spherical in shape and agglomerated to the form of irregular clusters; crystallite size of ZnO and ZnMn2O4 was 99 and 27 nm, respectively; SSA = 25 m2/g | [676,677] |
Fe (0.18, 1.70 and 3.05 at%) doped ZnO | ZnSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, NaOH, H2O | power: 140 W; microwave oven | nanorods length ~1 µm and diameter in the range of ~50 nm | [678] |
Fe doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Fe(NO3)3⋅9H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | T: 80 °C; power: 400 W; duration: 40 min; microwave oven | star-like structure (~433 nm) | [679] |
ZnO/ZnFe2O4, Fe (5–95%) doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Fe(NO3)2·4H2O, KOH, H2O | P: 39 bars; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor | particles, irregular spherical shape, diameter 4–13 nm | [680,681,682,683,684,685] |
Ce (0–0.15 mol) doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ce(SO4)2, NaOH, H2O | pH: 13; duration: 10 min; power: 55%; microwave oven (1000 W) | nanosheets | [686] |
Ce doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ce(CH3COO)3·xH2O, NH3·H2O, H2O | pH: 9.5–11; duration: 5–15 min (10/20 s power on/off); power: 200 W; microwave oven | heterogeneous particles (2% of dopant) | [687] |
CoO doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·4H2O, KOH, H2O | duration: 15 min; pressure: 38 bar; microwave reactor | CoO content from 5 to 50%, particles >100 nm | [688,689,690,691] |
K (0–5 mol%) doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, KNO3, H2O | T: 160 °C; duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | lamellar-like and granule-like structures (100–300 nm) | [692] |
Ce (5 wt%) doped ZnO, Ce (5 wt%) doped carbon nanotube/ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ce(SO4)2, NaOH, H2O, commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (length 5–9 μm, diameter 110–170 nm) | pH: 11; duration: 5 min; power: 450 W; microwave oven | nanorods on carbon nanotubes | [693] |
Eu doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·5H2O, Eu(NO3)3·5H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10; pressure: 1–100 bar; duration: 20 min; microwave reactor | nanoplate-like structures, elongated hexagonal prisms | [694] |
Cu doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Cu(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | T: 100 °C; duration: 20 min; microwave reactor | Zn1−xCuxO (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04), particles | [695] |
Ga doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10; duration: 15–20 min; microwave oven (850 W) | Zn(1−x)GaxO (x = 1, 2, and 5 mol%), nanorods are grown on p-Si substrates | [696] |
Ga doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, KOH, H2O | T: 180 °C; duration: 15 min; power 250 W; microwave reactor (1900 W) | Zn(1-x)GaxO (x=0, 0.05, 1.00, 3.00 mol%), micron-sized rods (slightly above 1 mm in length) | [697] |
Cd doped ZnO/ carbon nanotube | commercial carbon nanotube diameter 10–20 nm and length 30 μm (modified HNO3), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Cd(NO3)2·5H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10; duration: 6 min; power: 490 W; microwave reactor (1000 W) | growing Cd doped ZnO nanoparticles over the surface of carbon nanotube | [698] |
Sr doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Sr(NO3)2·6H2O (different concentrations), NaOH, H2O | T: 160 °C, duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | Zn1−xSrxO (x = 0.00, 0.001, 0.002, and 0.003), ZnO - lamellar structures, size: 200–300 nm; Zn1−xSrxO - heterogeneous granule nano and microstructures | [699] |
ZnO/ZnS | ZnCl2·2H2O, NH4(OH), thioacetamide, H2O | duration: 30 min; power: 400 W; microwave refluxing system | core–shell nanorods | [700] |
Au-decorated ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine, NaOH, HAuCl4·3H2O, sodium citrate dihydrate, H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 475 W; microwave oven | growing Au NPs (~20 nm) over the surface of ZnO nanorods (diameter of 162 nm and an average length of 1.27 μm) | [701] |
Au-decorated ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ag(NO3)·6H2O, C6H12N4, H2O | duration: 5 min; microwave oven | ZnO particles sized up to 2 μm and spherical particles are sized up to 200 nm | [702] |
Ag-decorated ZnO | ZnO, Ag(NO3), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, C19H42BrN), H2O | duration: 20 min; power: 900 W; microwave oven | spike-like nanostructures, length: few microns, diameter: 50–100 nm | [638] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Ag(NO3), C6H12N4, H2O | T: 120 °C, duration: 30 min; power: 400 W; microwave reactor | star-like structures (up to 2 μm), rod-like structures (~0.5 μm) | [703] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, C2H4(OH)2 (ethylene glycol, EG), Na2O2, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 400 W, microwave oven | flower-like structures Ag-ZnO with a molar ratio of 0:100; 2:98; 4:96; 6:94; 8:92; 10:90 | [704] |
Ag-ZnO | ZnO (nanorods 10–20 nm), AgNO3, glucose, H2O | pH: 7; duration: 10 min; microwave oven | Ag/ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO nanorods 10–20 nm; Ag nanoparticles ~60 nm) | [705] |
Ag-ZnO-clay composite, ZnO-clay composite | chemically activated bentonite clay, AgNO3, ZnO NPs, H2O | T: 80 °C, duration: 20 min; power: 500 W; microwave reactor | nanoparticles in clay, ZnO NPs size 15–70 nm, Ag NPs size 9–30 nm, SSA(ZnO-clay) = 33 m2/g, SSA(Ag-ZnO-clay) = 25 m2/g | [706] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), ZnSO4·7H2O, NaOH, H2O | pH: 8; T: 150 °C, duration: 10 min; microwave reactor | graphene nanosheets are decorated densely by ZnO nanosheets (20–30 nm), | [707] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), ZnSO4·7H2O, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9; T: 150 °C, duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | graphene sheets packed by nanosized and irregularly shaped ZnO nanoparticles | [708] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9–11; T: 100 °C, duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | reduced graphene oxide sheets with wrinkles and folds are decorated densely by the ZnO nanorods | [709] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, HN(CH2CH2NH2)2, NaOH, H2O | pH: 13; duration: 30 min; microwave oven | reduced graphene oxide sheets with ZnO rod-like (diameter ~100 nm and length ~1 μm) | [710] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), ZnCl2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 450 W; microwave oven | nanowires of ZnO were decorated/anchored on the surface of graphene oxide | [711] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 20 min; power: 450 W; microwave oven | reduced graphene oxide sheets with ZnO nanoparticles (10–20 nm) | [712] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, KOH, H2O | T: 100 °C; duration: 8 min; power: 450 W; microwave reactor | reduced graphene oxide sheets with ZnO nanoparticles (irregular elongated shapes and agglomerates with particle size of 122 nm) | [713] |
ZnO, ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), H2O | T: 100 °C; duration: 8 min; power: 450 W; microwave reactor | reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with ZnO nanostars, SSA = 34.3 m2/g, size of ZnO nanostars: ~625 nm | [526] |
ZnO-TiO2-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), commercial TiO2, ZnSO4·7H2O, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9; T: 150 °C, duration: 10 min; power: 150 W; microwave reactor | reduced graphene oxide nanosheets are decorated by ZnO nanosheets and TiO2 nanoparticles | [714] |
ZnO-MOF-reduced graphene oxide | zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, graphite (modified Hummers method), ZnO, H2O2, H2O | T: 150 °C, duration: 10 min; power: 150 W; microwave reactor | ZnO-MOF-reduced graphene oxide with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 wt% reduced graphene oxide | [715] |
ZrO2-ZnO | ZnSO4·5H2O (1 M), Na2CO3 (2 M), ZrOCl2·8H2O (1 M), H2O | T: 180 °C, duration: 10 min; microwave reactor | needle-shaped micro- and nanoparticles, mass concentrations of ZrO2: 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% | [716] |
ZrO2 coated ZnO | ZnO NPs (diameter: 12–25 nm, 38.4 m2/g), (Zr(SO4)2·4H2O), NH4OH | T: 70 °C, duration: 5 min; microwave reactor (500 W) | core-shell nanocomposites | [717] |
ZnO chitosan/ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·2H2O, NaOH, chitosan, H2O | duration: 4–8 min; power: 400–800 W; microwave oven | nanoparticles, diameter: 32–82 nm | [718] |
Fe3O4/ZnO/AgBr | Zn(NO3)2·2H2O, FeCl3, AgNO3, NaBr, NH4OH, NaOH, C2H5OH, malt extract agar (MEA), H2O | duration: 10 min; power: 550 W (55%); microwave oven (1000 W) | composition (weight ratio): Fe3O4/ZnO (1:8), Fe3O4/ZnO/AgBr (1:2; 1:4; 1:6; 1:8; 1:10); in homogeneous oval particles | [719] |
MoS2/ZnO, ZnO | ZnCl2·2H2O, Na2MoO4·2H2O, C2H5NS, H2O | T: 60 °C; duration: 20 min; power: 140 W | heterogeneous nano- and microstructures | [720] |
ZnO doped CeO2 | ZnCl2·2H2O, Ce(NO3)3·6H2O; NH4OH, H2O | pH: 8; T: 200 °C, duration: 30 min; microwave reactor (1500 W) | homogeneous spherical particles (diameter ≈ 5–40 nm) | [721] |
mesoporous Si@ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane (APTMS, (CH3O)3-Si-(CH2)3NH2), LiOH, H2O | T: 80 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor (1000 W) | APTMS/ZnO molar ratios: 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4.; agglomerate size ≈ 200 nm | [722] |
ZnO/zinc aluminium hydroxide | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AlCl3, NH4OH, tripotassium citrate monohydrate (HOC(COOK)(CH2COOK)2·H2O, H2O | T: 95 °C; duration: 20 min; microwave reactor | ZnO nanorod on zinc aluminium hydroxide heterostructures; sunflower-like ZnO nanorods on zinc aluminium hydroxide heterostructures; ZnO nanotubes on zinc aluminium hydroxide heterostructures; ZnO film on zinc aluminium hydroxide heterostructures | [723] |
Type of Composite | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Parameters of Additional Heat Treatment | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZnO/TiO2 | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, C4K2O9Ti·2H2O, NH4(OH), H2O | pH: 10; duration: 40 min; power: 180 W; microwave oven | without and T: 500–700 °C; duration: 3 h | without calcination: nanoparticles <10 nm; after calcination: nanoparticles 25 nm and 80–100 nm | [724] |
ZnO/TiO2 | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, titanium isopropoxide, NaOH, H2O | T: 180 °C; duration: 5 min; microwave reactor | T: 500–800 °C | rods: diameters: 150–250 nm, length: 1000–2000 nm | [725] |
ZnO/CuO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Cu(CH3COO)2·2H2O NaOH, H2O | duration: 15 min; power: 450 W; microwave oven | T: 800 °C; duration: 7 h | nanorod like structures | [726] |
Cr doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (Cr(CH3COO)2)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 400 W; microwave oven (1350 W) | T: 700 °C; duration: 2 h | particles (~100 nm) | [727] |
Cr doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, citric acid (C6H8O7), H2O | microwave oven (650 W) | 250 °C for 1 h in air | doped concentration (5%, 10%, and 15%), porous structures | [728] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, citric acid (C6H8O7), H2O | duration: until reaction was completed; microwave oven (650 W) | 250 °C for 1 h in air | doped concentration (5%, 10%, and 15%), porous structures | [728] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, polyethylene glycol, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9; duration: 30 min; power: 300 W; microwave oven | T: 400 °C; duration: 1 h | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05), needle shaped microstructures, nanospheres | [729] |
CdO-ZnO | ZnCl2·2H2O, CdCl2·2H2O, NH4OH | pH: 8; duration: 10–20 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | 500 °C for 4 h in air | heterogeneous nanostructures and microstructures | [730] |
Eu doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·5H2O, Eu(NO3)3·5H2O, NaOH, H2O | pressure: 60 bar; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor (600 W) | 750 °C for 1 h in air | 10 mol% of Eu, heterogeneous size and shape of NPs | [731] |
In2O3-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, In(NO3)3·4.5H2O, CO(NH2)2, H2O | T: 120 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 800 W; microwave reactor | 550 °C for 2 h in air | n(In):n(Zn) (0.03:1, 0.05:1, 0.07:1), rods (long: 200–300 nm; wide 75 nm) and flowers | [732] |
Sn doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, SnCl4, H2O | duration: 5 min; microwave oven | 400 °C for 3 h in air | 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt% Sn doped ZnO; needle-like structures for the pure ZnO (30–70 nm); agglomerated spherical crystallites in all Sn doped ZnO samples | [733] |
ZnO-reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method), ZnCl2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O | duration: 2 min; power: 450 W; microwave oven | stainless steel (SS-316) Teflon lined autoclaves were kept at 150 °C in hot air oven for 24 h | SSA: 140–182 m2/g; flower-like ZnO nanoparticles well decked on graphene/graphene oxide sheet | [734] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, AgNO3, citric acid (C6H8O7) | duration: 15–20 cycles (cycling mode: on for 30 s and off for 30 s); power: 800 W; microwave oven | 500 °C for 2 h in air | nanoparticles; SSA: 61 m2/g; size: ~17 nm | [735] |
Ag/Ag2SO4/ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3 (different concentrations), urea, thiourea (different concentrations), | duration: 30 min; power: 400 W; microwave reactor | 500 °C for 4 h in air | plate-like aggregates, diameter: 1.5–2 µm, thickness: 100–200 nm | [736] |
Ag-N co-doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT; C6H12N4), CH3COONH4, AgNO3 | duration: 40 min; power: 500 W; microwave oven | 800 °C for 1 h in oxygen | Ag-N co-doped ZnO nanorods (diameter: 50–200 nm) were vertically grown on n-type Si substrate | [737] |
Au-ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT; C6H12N4), hydrazine hydrate (N2H4), HAuCl4, H2O | pH: 10; microwave oven (1000 W) | 500 °C in oxygen | Au NPs on the surface of ZnO nanorods (width: 140 nm, length: 626 nm) Au size of NPs: 11–36 nm | [738] |
Solvent | Boiling Point (°C) |
---|---|
Acetone | 56.2 |
Methanol | 64.6 |
Tetrahydrofuran | 65–66 |
Ethanol | 78.5 |
2-Propanol | 82.4 |
1-Propanol | 97.0 |
Water | 100.0 |
1-Butanol | 117.6 |
1-Hexanol | 156.5 |
Ethylene glycol | 197.6 |
1,3-Butanediol | 207.0 |
Benzyl alcohol | 203–205 |
1,4-Butanediol | 228.0 |
Diethylene glycol | 244.9 |
Triethylene glycol | 288.0 |
Glycerine | 290.0 |
Tetraethylene glycol | ~327 |
Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (different concentrations) | T: 190–220 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | control of size of particles within the size range between circa 15 and 120 nm | [402,758] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, diethylene glycol (solvent), triethylene glycol (solvent), tetraethylene glycol (solvent), H2O (constant concentration) | T: 190 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | spherical nanoparticles and rod-like shape nanoparticles; diameters: 32–47 nm | [402] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (constant concentration) | pressure: 4 bar; duration: 12 min; power: 1000–3000 W; microwave reactor (3000 W) | nanoparticles (27 nm) aggregates precise size-control ranging from about 60 to 120 nm | [502] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), diethylene glycol (solvent) | T: 180 °C, duration: 5 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | nanoparticles (6–10 nm) clusters precise size-control ranging from about 57 to 274 nm | [759] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (different concentrations), oleic acid, diethylene glycol (solvent) | T: 250 °C, duration: 15 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor | nanoparticles (4–14 nm) | [760] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (ethylene glycol - solvent), H2O | different irradiation cycling modes, duration: 3–60 min; power: 200–600 W; microwave oven (750 W) | straw-bundle-like, wide chrysanthemum-like, nanorod-based microspheres, microspheres (irregular), nanorod-based microspheres, mixture of straw-bundle-like, wide chrysanthemum-like oat-arista-like | [761] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C6H5CH2OH (anhydrous benzyl alcohol, solvent) | T: 120–180 °C duration: 30 s–35 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | nanoparticles (4–8 nm) | [762] |
Zn(CH3COO)2, Zn(C5H7O2)2, C6H5CH2OH (benzyl alcohol, solvent) | T: 120–180 °C duration: 30 s–35 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | nanoparticles (20 nm for Zn(C5H7O2)2; 25–30 nm for Zn(CH3COO)2) | [763] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H5OH (solvent); C3H7OH (solvent), H2O (solvent), NaOH | duration: 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | water (solvent): ZnO nanoparticles had elliptical shape and large size with size of larger axis of about 100 nm and size of the other axis of about 40 nm; ethanol (solvent): rod nanostructures form with length of ~45 nm and radius of ~20 nm; isopropanol (solvent): spherical particles with radius of 10–12 nm. | [764] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, CH3OH (solvent), N(CH2CH2OH)3, NaOH, H2O | pH: 9.5; duration: 150 s; microwave oven (900 W) | sword-like wires with diameters of about 80–250 nm and the length of ∼1–4 μm | [765] |
Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O, CH3OH+C6H13OH (1-hexanol) (solvent) | T: 160 °C; duration: 1 h; microwave reactor | spherical aggregates of NPs, SSA: 52 m2/g | [766] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (solvent), various volume ratio H2O:C2H4(OH)2 | T: 200 °C; duration; 30 min; power: 1000 W; microwave reactor | rods, hexagonal prisms, peanut-like, butterfly-like, spheres | [767] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Na2CO3, polyethylene glycol (PEG400) (solvent) | duration: 10 min; microwave oven (700 W) | nanorods, diameters: 10–25 nm, length: 60–200 nm | [768] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C4H8(OH)2 (1,4- butanediol, solvent) | duration: 2 min with on–off mode with a duration interval of 30 sec; power: 200 W; microwave oven (800 W) | nanoparticles 59 ± 16 nm | [769] |
Zn(C5H7O2)2 (zinc acetylacetonate), C2H5OH (solvent), polyvinylpyrrolidone (various concentrations) | duration: 15 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | irregularly shaped nanoparticles, nanorods and nanotubes | [770] |
Zn(C5H7O2)2 (zinc acetylacetonate), C2H5OH + H2O (solvent), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) | duration: 15 min; power: 100 W; microwave reactor | nanorods coatings deposited on Cr/Si, Al/Si, Au/Si, ITO/glass; nanorod (length > 1 μm, width ~140–180 nm) | [771] |
Zn(C5H7O2)2·H2O (zinc acetylacetonate monohydrate), alkoxyethanol (solvent), methoxyethanol (solvent), ethoxyethanol (solvent), n-butoxyethanol (solvent), | duration: 4 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | SSA: 10–70 m2/g, nanoparticles 30–200 nm | [772] |
Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O (zinc acetylacetonate hydrate, various concentrations), C4H9OH (1-butanol, solvent) | T: 120 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 250 W; pulsed microwave irradiation in microwave reactor | spherical-shaped (diameter 10–60 nm) and rod-shaped structures (length 100 nm) | [773] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent) | duration: 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles (3–5 nm) | [774] |
commercial ZnO was dissolved in 5 M NaOH, C2H8N2, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 150 °C; duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | flower-like microstructures, rod-like microstructures (length: 5 μm, diameter: 1 μm) | [775] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C3H6(OH)2 (1,3-propanediol, solvent) | duration: 3 min with on–off mode having duration interval of 30 s; power: 360 W; microwave oven (800 W) | nanoparticles, diameter: 10–50 nm | [776] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, N(CH2CH2OH)3), CH3OH (solvent), H2O (solvent), NaOH | pH: 10.6–11.0; duration: 120–180 s; microwave oven (900 W) | uniform flower-like ZnO nanostructures (water), lengths: 700–950 nm, width: 130–230 nm; spheres (methanol): 250–400 nm | [573] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, N(CH2CH2OH)3, NaOH, C4H9OH (butanol, solvent) | pH: 8–10; T: 110 °C; duration: 40–60 s; microwave oven (900 W) | aggregated particles, average diameters: 550 nm; semi-spherical particles along with rice-like particles, average diameters ~600 nm; nanospheres average diameter 250 nm | [777] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, CH3(CH2)15NH2 (hexadecylamine), NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent), C3H6O (acetone, solvent), H2O (solvent) | T: 120 °C; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor | ethanol: spherical particles (20–60 nm) and rods with aspect ratio of 8–60; acetone: spherical particles (45–100 nm) and rods with aspect ratio which ranges from 37 to 94. water: star-shaped nanoparticles | [778] |
Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O (zinc acetylacetonate hydrate), ethylenediamine (solvent), water (solvent), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) | T: 100–110 °C; duration: 10 min, microwave oven | ethylenediamine: flower with rod-like petals, nanorod, nanoflake, flower with rod-like petals, flower with rod-like petals; water: flower cluster with spindle-like petals | [779] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H5OH (anhydrous solvent), C6H5CH2OH (benzyl alcohol, solvent), H2O (solvent) | T: 200 °C; duration: 5–30 min; microwave reactor | SSA: 32–34 m2/g; ethanol: nanoparticles (~20 nm), hollow spheres consisting of nanoparticles (20–30 nm) ranging from 200 to 700 nm in diameter; benzyl alcohol: nanoparticles (10–80 nm) water: nanorods, length: 1–2 µm | [780] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 60 °C; duration: 5–6 min; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (4–8 nm) | [781,782] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent) | duration: 180 s; power: 140 W; microwave oven | nanowires | [783] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol) + H2O (solvent, various concentrations) | duration: 1–3 min; microwave oven (1450 W) | spheroidal nanostructures | [784] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH (different concentrations), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), C2H5OH + H2O (solvent) | T: 80–180 °C duration: 5–60 min; microwave reactor | rod-like, sheet-like, needle-like and flower-like nanostructures | [785] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH + H2O (solvent), hexamethylene tetramine (C6H12N4), triethanolamine ((TEA, C6H15NO3, various concentrations) | T: 180 °C duration: 15 min; microwave reactor (600 W) | mulberry-like structures (~150 nm) was constructed by many nanoparticles (~5 nm); flower-like structures; hexagonal structure | [786] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, zinc metal powder, NaOH, NH4(OH), C2H5OH (solvent), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | pH: 10–14; duration: 5–10 min: power: 300–900 W: reactor microwave | marigold-flower like, multipod jasmine- flower like, urchin-rod-flower like, calendula-flower like and rice-grain-shape like | [787] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O (solvent), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), 2-ethoxyethanol (solvent), Triton X-100 | duration: 3 min; power: 300 W; reactor microwave | nanorods with a pencil-like tip, nanorods with hexagonal flat tops, flower-like nanostructures | [788] |
bis(acetylacetonato)zinc monohydrate, bis(methylacetato)zinc, bis(dimethylmalonato)zinc, C2H3N (acetonitrile, solvent) | T: 160–220 °C; duration: 30 min; power: 300 W; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles (3–16 nm) | [789] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent), H2O | T: 90 °C; duration: 20 min; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles (20–25 nm) | [790] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent), (CH2CH2OH)2NH (diethanolamine) | T: 150–200 °C; microwave reactor | nanospheres | [791] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C4H9NO (N,N-dimethylacetamide, DMAc, solvent), H2O | duration: 1.5–6 min; microwave oven (800 W) | particles (300–510 nm) and nanowires | [792] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, oleic acid, diethylene glycol (solvent) | T: 220–230 °C; duration: 10–15 min; microwave reactor | nanoparticles; diameters: 5–9 nm | [793] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, CO(NH2)2, H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (ethylene glycol, solvent) | T: 150 °C; duration: 15 min; microwave reactor (850 W) | flowers | [794] |
ZnCl2·2H2O, sodium oleate, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O, THF, solvent) | T: 125–200 °C; duration: 5 min; microwave reactor | spherical nanoparticles, size: 2.6–3.8 nm | [795] |
Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Na2CO3, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), diethylene glycol (DEG, solvent), | duration: 1.5–5 min; microwave oven (1150 W) | nanoparticles, SSA: 35–86 m2/g | [796] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, polyethylene glycol, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 140 °C; duration: 10 min; microwave oven | rods, diameter: 0.167 ± 0.05 µm, length: 1.63 ± 0.33 µm | [797] |
Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH (solvent) | duration: 10–15 min; power 33%; microwave reactor (800 W) | nanorods, diameters: 10–20 nm | [705] |
Type of Composite | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 220 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15); spherical nanoparticles: SSA: 37–39 m2/g, diameter: 30–32 nm, paramagnetic behaviour | [798,799] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O (different concentrations) | T: 190 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn0.90Co0.10O, control of size of particles within the size range between circa 20 and 53 nm, SSA: 43–21 m2/g | [800] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, oleic acid, (HOC2H4)2O (diethylene glycol, DEG, solvent) | T: 250 °C, duration: 15 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10), spherical nanoparticles: diameter: 5–40 nm | [801] |
Mn doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 200 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10 0.15, 0.20, 0.25); spherical nanoparticles, diameter: 19–30 nm, SSA: 40–63 m2/g | [802] |
Co-Mn co-doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 190 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | Zn(1−x−y)MnxCoyO NPs was x = y = 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 (the amount of both ions was equal), spherical nanoparticles, diameter: 19–30 nm, SSA: 40–56 m2/g, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic behaviour | [803] |
M doped ZnO (M = Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni) | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, Cr(NO3)3·9H2O, Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5(OH) (solvent), polyethylene glycol MW ≈ 2000 | T: 280 °C; pressure: 20 bar; microwave reactor (300 W) | nanoparticles, paramagnetic behaviour | [232] |
Mn doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration: 30 s cycles (on for 10 s, off for 20 s) for 10 min; power: 33%; microwave reactor (650 W) | Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20), nanoparticles | [804] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ag(CH3COO), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration: 12 min; power: 1 kW (33%); microwave reactor (3 kW) | ZnO spherical nanoparticles (30–35 nm); Ag spherical nanoparticles (35–39 nm) | [181] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O | duration: 30 s cycles (on for 21 s, off for 9 s) for 10 min; power: 900 W; microwave oven | spherical nanoparticles (13–30 nm); hexagonal disks (14–165 nm); nanorods diameter: 104 nm, aspect ratio of 2.8; 3.5 nm Ag particles were inserted into the pores of ZnO; SSA: 25–51 m2/g | [805] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O | T: 170 °C; duration: 30 min; microwave oven | hierarchical architectures constructed by nanoparticles (50 nm) | [806] |
Au-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2, HAuCl4, oleic acid + oleylamine (solvent) | duration: 10 s–15 min; power: 100–1000 W; microwave oven | nanopyramids, height: 100–130 nm, diameter of the hexagonal basal plane of the final Au-ZnO nanopyramid is about 50–60 nm | [807] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 280 °C; pressure: 20 bar; duration 20 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.001, 0.01; 0.05, 0.10, 0.15), nanoparticles | [808] |
M doped ZnO (M = Mn, Ni, Co, Cr) | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Cr(CH3COO)3, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 280 °C; pressure: 20 bar; duration 40 min; microwave reactor (300 W) | Zn1−xMxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15), nanoparticles (20–30 nm) | [809] |
M doped ZnO (M = V, Co, Fe, Ni, Mn) | Zn(CH3COO)2, Co(CH3COO)2, Fe(CH3COO)2, Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2, C6H5CH2OH (benzyl alcohol, solvent) | T: 160 °C; duration: 3 min; microwave reactor | Zn1−xMxO (x = 0–0.3), nanoparticles (10–20 nm), Fe doped samples showed room temperature ferromagnetism | [810] |
In doped ZnO, Al doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, InCl3·4H2O, AlCl3·6H2O, diethylene glycol (solvent), H2O | T: 200 °C; duration 30 min; laboratory microwave oven (1200 W), 1 h at 400 °C in H2/N2 = 10/90% | nanoparticles (10–15 nm) | [811] |
Co doped ZnO, Mn doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2, NaOH, C2H5(OH) (solvent), H2O | pH: 12; duration 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | concentration of the dopant was 5%; spherical nanoparticles (10–15 nm), paramagnetic | [812] |
Ni doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, polyvinylpyrrolidone, (CH3)2CHOH (isopropanol, solvent) | duration 5 min; power: 150 W; microwave oven | ZnO:Ni nanorods with diameter: 8–10 nm and length: 35-45 nm | [813] |
Al doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Al(NO3)3, NaOH, C2H5(OH) (solvent) | T: 80 °C; duration 60 min; power: 400 W; microwave oven | Al doping levels: 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 at%; spherical-like structures, crystallite size: 11–15 nm | [814] |
Al. doped ZnO, Ga doped ZnO, Al, Ga co-doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, diethylene glycol (solvent), H2O | T: 200 °C; duration 30 min; microwave reactor (1500 W) | Al and Ga dopant levels were from 0.5 to 2.5 at%; doped and co-doped powders exhibited a broad size distribution with particles around 100–200 nm | [815] |
Al2O3 coated ZnO | ZnO NPs (diameter: 12–25 nm, 38.4 m2/g), aluminium triisopropoxide (Al(O-i-Pr)3), NH4OH, C2H5(OH) (solvent) | pH: 12; T: 70 °C; duration 5 min; microwave reactor (500 W) | core-shell structures | [816] |
Mg doped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, CO(NH2)2, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent), H2O | T: 130 °C; duration 4 h; power: 150–200 W; microwave reactor | Zn1−xMgxO (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8), nano- and sub-micron particle size | [817] |
Fe3O4@SiO2/ZnO | Fe3O4@SiO2 (different quantities), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, diethylene glycol (DEG, solvent) | T: 160 °C; duration 15–60 h; mechanical stirring | Fe3O4 content: 10–30 wt%; spherical shape, size 250–850 nm | [818] |
coaxial ZnO/C/CdS nanocables | ZnO/C core-shell nanocables (80 nm in diameter and a range of 0.5–2 mm in length), CdCl2·2H2O, C2H5(OH) (solvent), thioacetamide | duration 10 min; power: 280 W; microwave refluxing system | CdS nanoparticles (5.5 nm) uniformly deposited on the surface of nanocables | [819] |
ZnO/reduced graphene oxide | graphite (modified Hummers method and Fan’s method), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (various concentrations), diethylene glycol (solvent) | duration 10 min; power: 300 W; microwave refluxing system | ZnO nanocrystals (10–14 nm) anchored onto reduced graphene oxide sheets | [820] |
ZnO/reduced graphene oxide, Ag/ZnO/reduced graphene oxide | graphite, Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (various concentrations), AgNO3, NaOH, C2H4(OH)2 | duration: 4 cycles (heated 1 min, stirred for 3 min); microwave oven | ZnO NPs and Ag NPs anchored onto reduced graphene oxide sheets | [821] |
C/ZnO | ZnO nanorods grafted by glucose, glycerol | T: 100 °C; duration 30 min; microwave reactor | carbon-coated ZnO nanorods | [822] |
Type of Composite | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Calcination Parameters | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
undoped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, isopropanol (solvent) | duration 5 min; microwave oven | 600 °C in air for 1 h | spherical nanoparticles (30 nm) | [823] |
undoped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (solvent) | duration 1 min; power: 400–1000 W; microwave oven | 500 °C in air for 3 h | nanoparticles; size from 15–25 to 50–70 nm | [824] |
undoped ZnO | Zn(C5H7O2)2·xH2O, C2H5(OH) (solvent), CH3OH (solvent), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and Triton X100, H2O | duration: 20 s–5 min; power: 160–800 W; microwave oven (800 W) with a water-cooled condenser (reflux system) | 500 °C in air for 2–5 min | films on Si, Ge, Cr/Si, glass, indium tin oxide coated glass and polymer substrates, (spherical nanoparticles (diameter: ∼15) nm or nanorods (length: 1–3 μm)) | [825,826,827,828,829,830] |
undoped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, dimethylformamide (DMF) | duration 60 min; power: 300 W; microwave oven | 500 °C in air for 3 h | spherical nanoparticles (as-synthesised 24–26 nm, annealed 33–34 nm) | [831] |
undoped ZnO | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 2-methylimidazole, HCOONa, CH3OH (solvent) | T: 120 °C; duration: 2 h; microwave reactor | 550 °C in air for 2 h | uniform particle approximately rhombic dodecahedron facets, size: ~97 nm | [832] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration 30 min; power: 500 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4), nanoparticles (~24 nm), paramagnetic behaviour | [833] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | T: 220 °C, duration: 25 min; power: 100%; microwave reactor (600 W) | 800 °C in nitrogen for 0.5 h, 800 °C in synthetic air for 0.5 h | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15); spherical nanoparticles: SSA: 3 m2/g, diameter: 300–400 nm, paramagnetic behaviour | [798] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, HCl, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | pH: 6–12; duration: until microwave heating solvents were evaporated; power: 500 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air | Zn0.94Co0.06O; nanoparticles (7–23 nm), paramagnetic behaviour | [834] |
Co doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·2H2O, urea, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | until microwave heating solvents were evaporated; microwave oven | 300 °C in air for 1 h | Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.001-0.004), average crystallite size 18–28 nm; super paramagnetic nature and ferromagnetic behaviour | [835] |
Fe doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Fe(NO3)2·9H2O, NaOH, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), C2H5OH (solvent) | pH: 11; duration 2 min; power: 140 W; microwave oven | 200 °C in air for 1 h | nanoparticles (11–17 nm), Fe content: 0–20% | [836] |
Mn doped ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | duration: 30 s cycles for 20 min in total; power: 650 W; microwave oven | 400 °C in air | Zn1−xMnxO (x = 0.1–0.4), spherical nanoparticles | [837] |
Ag-ZnO | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, AgNO3, Na2O2, isopropanol (solvent), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) | T: 200 °C; duration 2–6 h; microwave reactor | 300 °C in air for 2 h | chrysanthemum-like prismatic nanorods | [838] |
Type of Method | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Calcination Parameters | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasonic microwave synthesis | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, ZnCl2·2H2O, 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) (different concentrations), H2O | pH: 5.4–9.4; T: 110 °C; duration: 17 min (discontinuous ultrasonic irradiation (1 s sonication and 2 s interruption); power: 500 W; microwave and ultrasonic wave combined reactor | - | half-backed grenade-like ZnO microstructures, uniform spindle-like ZnO microstructures; spindle-like to double-prism-like structures | [844] |
Ultraviolet assisted - ultrasonic microwave synthesis | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C16H33(CH3)3NBr (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), (CH2)6N4 (hexamethylenetetramine, HMT), H2O | T: 98 °C; duration: 10–25 min; power: 150 W; UV- microwave and ultrasonic wave combined reactor | - | hourglass-like ZnO microstructures (diameter: 1 µm, length: 2 µm) | [845] |
Microwave induced combustion synthesis | ZnSO4, oxalic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (fuel) | duration: 0–30 min; power level: 0–90%; microwave oven | - | nanoparticles: crystallite size: ~33 nm | [846] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, urea (fuel), H2O | power: 170–680 W; microwave oven | - | flower-like microstructures (2–5 μm) and irregular block-shaped particles (100–300 nm) | [847] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, urea (fuel), H2O | duration: 10 min; microwave oven (700 W) | spherical nanoparticles (10–100 nm) | [848] | |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, urea (fuel), H2O | duration: 20 min; microwave oven (800 W) | nanoplatelets | [849] | |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (fuel) | microwave oven (800 W) | - | foamy and porous structures | [850] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, glycine (fuel) | duration: 2 min; power: 80%; microwave oven | - | nanoparticles (20–25 nm) | [851] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, using citric acid (C6H8O7) as a fuel, NH4OH, H2O | pH: 4; duration: 2 min; power: 80%; microwave oven | 800 °C for 2 h in air | rods | [852] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, glycine (fuel), H2O | duration: 10 min; microwave oven (750 W) | - | nanoflakes | [853] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, H2O | duration: 6 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | - | powder | [854] |
Microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Indian bael (Aegle marmelos) juice - different volumes (fuel) | duration: 10 min; microwave oven | 500 °C for 1 h in air | heterogeneous particles, sheet like structures, | [855] |
Microwave assisted annealing | Zn(OH)2, NH4(OH) | T: 140–320 °C, duration: 30 min; microwave reactor | - | layers on SiO2 | [856] |
Sol-gel -microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2, 2-methoxyethanol (ME), monoethanolamine (MEA), | T: 140–320 °C, duration: 3–12 min; power: 65 W; microwave oven (750 W) | - | layers (40 nm) on indium-tin oxide cathodes | [857] |
Microwave assisted annealing | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, H2O | T: 250 °C, duration: 3 min; microwave oven (3 kW) | - | layers on SnO2 | [858] |
Microwave assisted annealing | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, extract (fruit, seed or pulp), H2O | duration: 8 min; power: 340 W; microwave oven | - | flower-like, hexagonal, and block-shaped nanostructures, size: 27–85 | [859] |
Microwave assisted annealing | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), hexamethylenetetramine – (HMTA) (different concentrations), H2O | duration: 30, 60 min; microwave oven | - | nanopowders | [860] |
Microwave assisted annealing | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, PEG400 (polyethylene glycol, M = 400), NaOH, H2O, C2H5(OH) | duration: 10 × 10 min and 4 × 10 min with on–off mode with a duration interval of 1 min; power: 136–800 W; microwave oven (800 W) | 500 °C in air for 0.5 h | sphere particles (10–50 nm) and rods (lengths: 50–200 nm, diameters: 15–50 nm) | [861] |
Sol-gel – microwave assisted annealing | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, HNO3 (65%), H2O | duration: 30–40 min; microwave oven | - | SSA: 0.12–0.2 m2/g, corn-like microstructures | [862] |
Sol-gel - microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) | pH: 6; duration: 10 min; power: 600 W; microwave oven | 450 °C in air for 2 h | nanoparticles (average crystallite size 24 nm) | [863] |
Sol-gel - microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, LiOH·H2O, C2H5OH (solvent) | T: 30–60 °C; duration: 10–40 min; microwave reactor (600 W) | 80 °C in air for 2 h | quantum-sized particles 4–7 nm | [864] |
Microwave assisted sintering | ZnO, organic compounds | duration: 10–30 min; microwave oven (900 W) | - | thick films on alumina substrate, heterogeneous microstructures | [865] |
Microwave assisted sintering | ZnO powder, carbon charcoal powder | duration: 20–60 min; microwave oven (1000 W) | - | ZnO nanoclusters, size from 8 μm to 10 μm | [866] |
Microwave sintering | ZnO powder, graphite, O2 | duration: 3 min; power: 100–1200 W; microwave oven; oxygen flow | - | nanowires, diameters: 2–70 nm, length: 5–15 µm | [867] |
Microwave sintering | ZnO nano and micropowders, acetone | T: 1100–1350 °C; duration: 40 min; power 5 kW; | - | hexagonal tubes, diameter: 10 µm, length: 100 µm, wall thickness: 0.5–1 µm | [868] |
Microwave vapour deposition | ZnO nanoparticles (20–30 nm; 48.9 m2/g) ) | T: 1350–1400 °C; duration: 15 min; power: 3850 W; traveling-wave mode microwave system (5000 W) | - | microtubes (hexagonal hollow), average diameter: 60 µm, length: 250 µm; wall thickness: 3–5 µm | [869,870] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn powder, steel-wool | duration: 30 s; microwave oven (1000 W) | - | nanofiber: diameters 50 nm, lengths 0.5–1 μm | [871] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn powder, steel-wool, O2/N2 = 20/80, 40/60, 60/40, 80/20 | microwave oven (1000 W) | - | nanoparticles with controlled morphologies | [872] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H5OH, vacuum of 5 kPa, O2 | power: 400–1200 W; microwave based plasma deposition unit (2000 W) | - | films (NPs diameter: 10–18 nm) deposited on glass substrates | [873] |
Microwave vapour deposition | metallic Zn flakes (2–3 mm) | duration: <5 min; microwave oven (800 W) | - | nanowires: diameter 70–80 nm | [874] |
Microwave vapour deposition | ZnO microtubes (wall thickness less than 0.5–1) | T: 800–1450 °C; microwave system (3000 W) | - | single-crystal microtubes rods (above 1300 °C); crystal rods (below 1150 °C, diameters from 50 nm to a few μm) | [875] |
Microwave vapour deposition | ZnO, Zn, graphite, N2 (carrier gas, 25 cm3) | T: 1100 °C; duration: 3–5 min microwave system (3000 W) | - | nanowires, nanobelts and microrods on different substrates materials (sapphire, silicon carbide, polycrystalline alumina); micro/nanotubes up 150 mm, wall thickness 0.3–1 mm, length up to 2–4 mm | [876] |
Microwave vapour deposition | ZnO, graphite | duration: 2 min; microwave oven (800 W) | - | nanosheets: widths several to tens of µm thickness 20–80 nm | [877] |
Microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition | ZnO powder, graphite powder, He (carrier gas) | duration: 5 min.; microwave oven (1000 W) | - | nanonails: size of caps: 25–150 nm, necks: 30–200 nm, shank: 250–450 nm | [878] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H5(OH) | duration: 70 s; carrier gas: air and O2; microwave plasma system (700 W) | - | film like, worm-like, flower like and dot-like structures on glass, silicon wafer and Al2O3/Si wafer substrates | [879] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn, air | duration: 4 s; carrier gas: air; microwave plasma system | - | nanowires deposited on aluminium foil substrate, glass, paper, microfibre, polycarbonate film, paraffin wax | [880] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn, H2O | P: 20 kPa; power: 135 W; microwave plasma system | - | flower-like structures composed of nanorods (diameter 50 nm, lengths 150–200 nm) | [881] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, ZnCl2·2H2O, ethanol | duration: 10–120 s; protective gas and carrier gas: pure Ar (300 cm3/g); microwave plasma system | - | glass quadratic slides were coated by ZnO and/or Zn particles, whose sizes ranged from a few micrometres to ∼20 nm | [882] |
Microwave plasma | Zn powder (10 µm) | protective gas and carrier gas: air, O2, O2/N2 (20/80 vol%); flow rate 10 l/m; microwave plasma system | - | wires (diameter: 111 nm, length: 5835 nm), tetrapods (diameter: 30 nm, length: 257 nm), rods (diameter: 82–627 nm, length: 309–853 nm), tetrapods (diameter: 30 nm, length: 257 nm) | [883] |
Microwave vapour deposition | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O, atmospheric pressure | pH: 11; power: 800 W; home-made microwave induced plasma in liquid system (1.5 kW) | - | NPs; diameter: 23 nm | [884] |
Microwave assisted ball milling | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O | duration: 4–20 h; power: 800 W; microwave reactor | - | nanoparticles, diameters: 15 nm | [885] |
- | 1 cm × 1 cm × 125 μm Zn sheet, gas mixture of O2 (20 sccm) and Ar (80 sccm) | duration: 3 s; microwave oven (1000 W) | - | growth of nanoneedles on the Zn sheet; length ~500 nm, tip ~40, pillar: ~100 | [886] |
Type of Product | Type of Method | Substrates | Conditions during Preparation | Calcination Parameters | Properties | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag/ZnO, Au/ZnO, ZnO | ultrasonic microwave synthesis - UV irradiation | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NaOH, H2O, HAuCl4 - C2H5(OH) (solvent) AgNO3 - C2H5(OH) (solvent) | duration: 30 min (combined discontinuous ultrasonic irradiation (1 s sonication and 2 s interruption); power: 500 W; microwave and ultrasonic wave combined reactor | - | flower-like ZnO nanostructures (~800 nm) | [887] |
Ag/ZnO, ZnO | ultrasonic microwave synthesis and deposition-precipitation | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O (0.5 M), urea (0.001 M), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB_ (0.00035 M), C2H4(OH)2 (solvent) AgNO3 (10 M), NaOH (1 M) | duration: 20 min (combined discontinuous ultrasonic irradiation (1 s sonication and 2 s interruption); power: 500 W; microwave and ultrasonic wave combined reactor | - | spindle-like micro-and nanostructures | [888] |
Ag/ZnO, Ag/ZnO/graphene, ZnO | ultrasonic microwave synthesis | graphite oxide (modified Hummers method), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, AgNO3, hexamethylenetetramine [HMT, (CH2)6N4], H2O | T: 90 °C, duration: 2 h, ultrasonic microwave reaction system (700 W) | - | ZnO: rods, Ag/ZnO: rods with nanoparticles Ag/ZnO/graphene: rods with nanoparticles and sheets | [889] |
Al doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, C2H4(OH)2 (fuel) | duration: 10 min with on/off cycles of 30/10 s; power: 300 W; microwave oven | - | 0 to 7% atomic weight percentage Al doped ZnO, hexagonal shaped, diameter: 20–53 nm | [890] |
Al doped ZnO/Sn doped In2O3 | microwave plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition | In2O3:SnO2 = 90:10 wt%, ZnO:Al2O3 = 98:2 wt%, gas pressure: 25 torr, hydrogen flow rate: 100 sccm | duration: 5 min; power: 400–800 W; microwave plasma system | - | films on glass substrates | [891] |
Au/Fe2O3-ZnO | microwave assisted annealing | ZnCl2·5H2O, HAuCl4, FeSO3∙7H2O, NaOH, H2O | power: 700 W | 400 °C for 4 h in air | nanostructures | [892] |
Ba doped ZnO | microwave assisted annealing | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, BaCl2, NaOH, H2O | T: 500 °C, duration: 30 min; microwave oven | - | doping range of 0 to 2 at%; nanoparticles (crystallite sizes: 20–22 nm) | [893] |
Ce–Cu co-doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Ce(NO3)2·6H2O, Cu(NO3)2·6H2O, H2O, using urea as a fuel | duration: 20 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | 600 °C in air for 2 h | Zn1−2xCexCuxO (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05), crystallite size: 35–46 nm, heterogeneous shape | [894] |
Co doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, using citric acid (C6H8O7) as a fuel (solution obtained was heated up to 80-90 °C until the excess water was removed and a highly viscous precursor gel was gained) | T: 900 and 1000 °C; duration: 50 s: power level: 100%; microwave oven (900 W) | - | Zn0.90Co0.10O, micron particle size | [895] |
Co doped ZnO | microwave sintered | Co doped ZnO from (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O, C2H5OH) | T: 900–1075 °C duration: 15 min microwave furnace (850 W) | - | doping range of 0 to 7 mol%, powders, crystallite size: 36–210 nm | [896] |
Cr doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Cr2(SO4)3·6H2O (various concentrations), C2H4(OH)2 (fuel) | duration: 8 min; power 210 W; microwave oven (420 W) | 500 °C in air | Cr doped ZnO (0.00≤ x ≤0.15), heterogeneous nano/microstructures | [897] |
ZnO/BiOBr ZnO | ultrasonic microwave synthesis | Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, KBr, Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, NH4OH, C2H5OH | pH: 8–9; T: 85 °C; duration: 35 min (discontinuous ultrasonic irradiation (2 s sonication and 1 s interruption); power: 500 W; microwave and ultrasonic wave combined reactor | - | ZnO/BiOBr grown on cotton fabric | [898] |
Zn–ZnO, ZnO | microwave plasma | Zn powder and bulk ZnO, H2, Ar, O2 | duration: 15–30 min; protective gas and carrier gas: pure H2; microwave plasma system (400 W) | - | nanowire-nanocable-nanotube route has been designed to fabricate ZnO nanotubes with desired dimensions | [899] |
Zn–ZnO ZnO | microwave plasma | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, H2O, air (0.3 L/min) | gases: Ar (flow rate 10 L/m) N2 (flow rate 5 L/m); power: 650 W; microwave plasma system | 400 °C for 1 h in air | ZnO/Zn films on glass substrate | [900] |
ZnO–ZrO2, ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, ZrO(NO3)2·xH2O, urea (fuel), H2O | duration: 7 min; power: 850 W; microwave oven | - | heterogeneous particles, ZnO-ZrO2 M ratio: 1-1, 2-1, 1-2 | [901] |
ZnAl2O4/ZnO, ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, urea (fuel), H2O | duration: 1–2 min; power: 900 W; microwave oven | 1000 °C for 1 h in air | ZnAl2O4/ZnO nanocomposites with different ZnO (20, 30, and 40 mol%); flakes and plates structures of fine particles (ZnAl2O4 diameter 55 nm; ZnO diameter 38 nm) | [902,903] |
Cu doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Cu(CH3COO)2·2H2O, C2H4(OH)2 | duration: 10 min; power: 320 W; microwave oven (800 W) | 450–750 °C | ZnO micro/nanostructures, wt% of Cu: 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.5 and 5% | [904] |
Cu–ZnO–Al2O3 | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Cu(NO3)2·3H2O, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, H2O, using C2H4(OH)2 as a fuel(Cu, Zn and Al nitrates with 3/6/1 molar ratio) | microwave oven | - | nanoparticles | [905] |
Cu–ZnO, ZnO | microwave assisted annealing | ZnSO4·7H2O (0.1 M), CuSO4·5H2O (0.1 M) NaOH (0.2 M), ascorbic acid, H2O | microwave oven | - | heterogeneous structures | [906] |
Eu doped ZnO | microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Eu(NO3)3·5H2O, NaOH, polyvinyl alcohol, H2O | pH: 10; duration: 5 min with on-off cycle (20 s on - 40 s off); microwave oven (600 W) | 200 °C for 3 h in air | doping range of 0 to 0.5 mol%, nanorods | [907] |
Eu doped ZnO | microwave induced gel combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Eu2O3, HNO3, using citric acid (C6H8O7) and glycine (NH2CH2COOH) as a fuel (different fuel mixtures); (solution obtained was heated up to 80 °C for 1 h until the excess water was removed and a highly viscous precursor gel was gained) | duration: 50 s, microwave oven | 900 °C for 1 h in air | Zn0.99Eu0.01O nanoparticles; diameter: 30 nm | [908] |
Fe2O3/ZnO | microwave sintering (solid state reaction) | ZnO powders (1 µm), γ-Fe2O3 (20–40 nm) | T: 1000–1400 °C; duration: different; power: 3 kW and 4 kW; microwave system (2.45 GHz and 28 GHz) | - | Fe2O3(ZnO)x (x = 6, 8, 34); homogeneous micro- and nanostructures | [909] |
Ga doped ZnO | ultrasonic microwave synthesis | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, NaOH | T: 140 °C, duration: 30 min, ultrasonic microwave reaction system (150 W) | - | nanoparticles, Ga mol% content: 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10%) | [910] |
Ga doped ZnO | microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, NaOH, H2O | T: 150 °C, duration: 5 min, microwave reactor (4 × 800 W) | - | Zn1−xGaxO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03), heterogeneous nanoparticles | [911] |
In2O3-Ga2O3-ZnO | microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, Ga(NO3)3·xH2O, In(NO3)3·xH2O, mono-ethanolamine (C2H7NO), methoxyethanol (solvent) (various reactant concentrations) | duration: 2 min; power: 150–1400 W; microwave annealing system | 600 °C for 0.5 h in air | thin films | [912] |
In2O3-Ga2O3-ZnO | post treatment process microwave assisted annealing | In2O3-Ga2O3-ZnO (layer is deposited by atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (AP-PECVD)) | duration: 50/100 s; power: 150/300 W; microwave oven | - | thin films on silicon wafer | [913] |
M and Co co-doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, water, using urea as a fuel | duration: 20 min microwave oven (1000 W) | M0.1Co0.1Zn0.8O (M = Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni); nanoparticles (25–34 nm) | [914] | |
Mg doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (various concentrations), vera plant extract (fuel), H2O | duration: 10 min; microwave oven (800 W) | - | 0 and 1.5 wt% Mg doped ZnO | [915] |
MgO doped ZnO | microwave sintered | ZnO, MgO powders used with the same purity and particle size of (99.9%, 20–30 nm) | T: 1400–1470 °C; duration: 20 min; power: 1300–1500 W; microwave reactor (5000 W) | - | microtubes, lengths of up to several micrometres in the ranges between 150 and 200 µm and an average diameter of 70 µm | [916] |
Mn and Co co-doped ZnO | microwave induced combustion process | Mn(NO3)2·4H2O, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, water, using urea as a fuel | duration: 15 min microwave oven (800 W) | - | MnxCo0.1Zn0.9−xO (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2); nanoparticles (24–33 nm) | [917] |
Sb2O3-MnO-CoO-Cr2O3-ZnO | microwave sintering | ZnO nanopowder (35 nm), Sb2O3, MnO, CoO, Cr2O3 | T: 1000–1150 °C; duration: 1–60 min; microwave oven (2000 W) | - | average particle size: 2.1 µm | [918] |
Sm doped ZnO | sol-gel-ultrasonic microwave sintering | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Sm(NO3)3·6H2O, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW ≈ 40,000), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylenetetramine (TETA), NaOH, H2O | pH: 9; duration: 7 min; power: 700 W; microwave reactor | 400 °C for 2 h in air | nanorods, lengths: 200–400 nm, widths: 50–90 nm | [919] |
TixOy–ZnO | microwave sintering(solid state reaction) | ZnO powder (1 µm), Ti powder (53 µm) | T: 550–1100 °C; duration: 1 min; microwave sintering furnace | - | rods (lengths: 1.5–3 µm, diameters: 0.2–0.5 µm) and coarser and irregularly shaped ZnO whiskers | [920] |
ZnO/ZnFe2O4 | microwave induced combustion process | Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, Fe(NO3)2·9H2O, NaCH3COO (different concentrations) using polyethylene glycol as a fuel | duration: 5 and 10 min; power: 120 and 700 W; microwave oven | - | nanoparticles, size in range from 23–54 nm (SSA = 94.5 m2/g) to 102–209 nm (SSA = 59.5 m2/g) | [921] |
ZnO/multi-walled carbon nanotube | microwave assisted annealing | Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, (diameter about 20–50 nm), H2O | power: 300–700 W; microwave oven | - | nanocomposites | [922] |
ZnO–exfoliated graphene | microwave assisted annealing | graphite (modified Staudenmaiers method), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NH4OH, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 700 W; microwave oven | - | wrinkles and a fluff-like structure | [923] |
ZnO–reduced graphene oxide | microwave assisted annealing | graphite (modified Hummers method), Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O, H2O | duration: 5 min; power: 1000 W; microwave reactor | - | reduced graphene oxide sheets with ZnO nanoparticles (10–20 nm), SSA = 109.5 m2/g; ZnO NPs diameter range of 50 to 100 nm | [924] |
ZnO–graphene oxide | microwave assisted annealing | graphite (modified Staudenmaiers method), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, NaOH, C2H5OH, H2O | duration: 3–7.5 min; power: 800 W; microwave oven | - | ZnO microcubes-graphene oxide; ZnO nanoflakes-graphene oxide; ZnO nanoneedles-graphene oxide | [925] |
ZnO–Pr2O3–CoO–Cr2O3–K2O | microwave induced combustion process | ZnO (96.7 mol%), Pr2O3 (2 mol%), CoO (0.5 mol%), Cr2O3 (0.5 mol%), K2O (0.3 mol%); agate mortar in presence of n-hexane as a fuel | duration: 8 min; power: 600 W; microwave oven | 1200, 1250 and 1350 °C for 2 h in air | Agglomerated particles, size 4–6 µm | [926] |
expandable graphite–ZnO | microwave sintered | exfoliated graphite, ZnO nanopowder | duration: 5 min; power: 1000 W; microwave oven | - | graphite-ZnO nanocomposite powders | [927] |
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Wojnarowicz, J.; Chudoba, T.; Lojkowski, W. A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061086
Wojnarowicz J, Chudoba T, Lojkowski W. A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(6):1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061086
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojnarowicz, Jacek, Tadeusz Chudoba, and Witold Lojkowski. 2020. "A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies" Nanomaterials 10, no. 6: 1086. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10061086