Effect of Low-Temperature Plasma Carburization on Fretting Wear Behavior of AISI 316L Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Material and Carburized Layer Preparation
2.2. Fretting Friction and Wear Experiment
2.3. Performance Testing and Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Morphology and Properties of Carburized Layer
3.2. Friction Coefficient
- (1)
- Initial stage I [27,28]: The friction coefficient curves of GCr15/316L and GCr15/PC sharply rose and very rapidly reached the maximum values. In the initial running-in stage, the friction pair experienced a slightly convex contact, the relative contact area was small, and fewer hard phase particles were shed, resulting in a low friction coefficient. With increasing load and displacement, the real contact area and roughness of the wear interface increased, the frictional heat of the wear surface increased, wear chips started to appear, the friction resistance increased, and the friction coefficient sharply rose.
- (2)
- Wear stage II [29,30]: The friction coefficient curve significantly decreased in this stage compared with the initial stage. The temperature between the contact surfaces continued to rise, and heat continued to accumulate. This resulted in local areas reaching the “friction flashover temperature”. The thin oxide film formed on the wear surface slightly reduced the friction coefficient, but this oxide film was quickly crushed and peeled off by the sample on the wear surface. In addition, a large number of wear chips were generated and discharged, and the contact interface began to shift from two-body wear to three-body wear, resulting in fluctuations in the friction coefficient.
- (3)
- Stable stage III [31]: The friction coefficient curves were stable and showed an approximately straight line. Under variable load conditions, both the GCr15/316L and GCr15/PC friction coefficient curves required less time to enter the stable stage compared to variable displacement conditions. When the wear entered the middle and late stages, the accumulation of wear particles between the contact surfaces led to the formation of a wear layer, and the contact interface completely shifted to three-body wear. At this point, the wear state remained relatively stable.
3.3. Morphology and Composition of Wear Marks
3.4. Wear Profile Analysis
3.5. Wear Rate and Wear Volume Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Fretting Wear Process Analysis
4.2. Cutting Plasticity Ratio Analysis
4.3. Frictional Dissipation Energy Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The carburized layer was composed of a single Sc phase, which exhibited good uniformity and continuity. This layer was metallurgically combined with the matrix. Plasma carburization increased the surface hardness of the AISI 316L steel by a factor of approximately four.
- Under varying load conditions, the wear mechanism of GCr15/316L changed from adhesive wear and abrasive wear to adhesive wear, fatigue peeling, and abrasive wear. The wear mechanism of GCr15/PC changed from adhesive wear to adhesive wear and fatigue delamination, accompanied by a furrowing effect. Under variable displacement conditions, both GCr15/316L and GCr15/PC mainly exhibited adhesive wear and fatigue peeling. Oxygen accumulated in the wear marks of both the AISI 316L steel and the carburized layer, indicating oxidative wear.
- At higher loads and displacements, the frictional dissipation energy coefficient and wear rate of GCr15/PC were lower than those of GCr15/316L. Moreover, the carburized layer showed better fretting wear resistance. Plasma carburization improved the stability of the AISI 316L steel fretting wear process and changed the fretting regime of the AISI 316L steel.
- The wear depth of GCr15/PC under variable load and displacement conditions was lower than that of GCr15/316L, showing that the carburized layer can effectively protect AISI 316L steel. Under variable load conditions, the wear profile of GCr15/316L changed from W-shaped to V-shaped, while that of GCr15/PC changed to a W-V-U profile. Under variable displacement conditions, the wear profile of GCr15/316L changed to a V-M-W profile, while that of GCr15/PC changed to a V-W-M profile.
- This study did not provide a more in-depth discussion on the existence of interfacial abrasive debris and its influence on fretting wear behavior and did not analyze the fretting wear mechanism of the subsurface under variable loads and displacements. This study has shown that the carburized layer with high surface hardness, as well as superior resistance to fretting wear, along with a reduction in wear rate and frictional dissipation energy coefficient, can all be considered as anti-wearing coatings of ball valves.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cr | Ni | Mo | Mn | Si | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
16.45 | 10.01 | 2.1 | 0.92 | 0.36 | Bal |
Temperature (°C) | Voltage (V) | H2 (L/min) | C2H2 (L/min) | Time (h) | Current (A) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
450 | 800 | 0.7 | 0.063–0.077 | 10 | 8 |
Load (N) | Displacement (μm) | Frequency (Hz) | Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | Cycles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30/50/70 | 70 | 25 | 20 | 25 | 3 × 104 |
50 | 50/75/100 |
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Sun, L.; Li, Y.; Cao, C.; Bi, G.; Luo, X. Effect of Low-Temperature Plasma Carburization on Fretting Wear Behavior of AISI 316L Stainless Steel. Coatings 2024, 14, 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020158
Sun L, Li Y, Cao C, Bi G, Luo X. Effect of Low-Temperature Plasma Carburization on Fretting Wear Behavior of AISI 316L Stainless Steel. Coatings. 2024; 14(2):158. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020158
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Lu, Yuandong Li, Chi Cao, Guangli Bi, and Xiaomei Luo. 2024. "Effect of Low-Temperature Plasma Carburization on Fretting Wear Behavior of AISI 316L Stainless Steel" Coatings 14, no. 2: 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14020158